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2004 Theses and Dissertation Abstracts |
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Vertebrate Resource Utilization at the Late Prehistoric
Component of the Bell Site (47Wn9): An Application of Optimal Foraging
Theory to Subsistence Analysis By Ralph Koziarski Abstract of Thesis This study is an analysis of subsistence at the Late Prehistoric period component of the Bell site, located in eastern-central Wisconsin. A sample submitted for radiometric dating indicates that the Bell site was occupied ca. 1222-1275 cal A.D., a time when shifts in subsistence and settlement patterns were happening in many societies living in southeastern Wisconsin. Two hypotheses, both rooted in Optimal Foraging Theory, were formed to test what choices foragers at the Bell site made in regards to vertebrate resources. The first hypothesis asks if foragers from the site sought to maximize nutritional yield from animals by focusing on large prey. The second hypothesis asks if Bell site foragers sought to minimize energy expenditure by focusing on the most resource rich habitat available to them. A prey rank model and a patch choice model were used to construct the hypotheses. Results suggest that foragers from the Bell site obtained the bulk of their dietary meat from large game, specifically deer, but at the same time chose to invest most of their foraging time harvesting animal resources from nearby Lake Butte Des Morts and its associated wetlands. This pattern corresponds to data from contemporaneous sites in southeastern Wisconsin where horticulture was an integral component of the economy, and where territorial behaviors were spatially restricting foraging habitats. Identifying household cluster and refuse disposal patterns at the Strait Site: a third century A.D. nucleated settlement in the Middle Ohio River Valley by Jarrod Danial Burks Abstract of Dissertation In this dissertation I examine a problem in the study of Middle-Late Woodland period community re-organization in the Middle Ohio Valley through an analysis of the Strait site, a little known, third century A.D. archaeological deposit in central Ohio. Previous research in the region indicates that during a three-hundred-year period between A.D. 200 and A.D. 500 the organizational structure of settlements—the location and arrangement of households within communities—changed significantly through a process of household nucleation. I propose that artifact patterning at the Strait site resulted from the secondary refuse disposal behaviors of contemporaneously occupied household areas. To evaluate this proposition, I first develop a working model of household trash disposal patterns using principles of refuse disposal generated from ethnoarchaeological data. The expected pattern of refuse accumulation is then compared to the Strait site archaeological record through an analysis of debris collected during a shovel test survey. Artifact clusters are detected through a distributional analysis of four dimensions of artifact variability: size, function, density, and diversity. I conclude that the Strait site artifact patterning is consistent with the secondary refuse disposal patterns predicted by the ethnographically derived model. I then identify the possible locations of five to six households at the Strait site. Two of these locations are further examined using geophysical survey and block excavation. The partial remains of structures are identified at both. Assuming that these possible household clusters are contemporaneous, as I argue, the Strait site is the earliest known nucleated settlement in the region. The presence of a nucleated community at Strait during the third century A.D. indicates that the transition from dispersed to nucleated communities began at the peak time of Hopewell earthwork construction and use—sometime before the Hopewell decline. By the time this process of community reorganization was widespread in the sixth century A.D., the Hopewell ceremonial centers had been abandoned. The new settlement data presented in this dissertation are an important example of early household nucleation in the Middle Ohio River Valley. These data also support the proposition that household nucleation began in locations peripheral to core Hopewell areas. Download a free copy (pdf) of this dissertation. Lithic Technology and Subsistence Change in the Thirteenth through Seventeenth Centuries: An Example from the Zimmerman / Grand Village of the Kaskaskia Site in the Upper Illinois River Valley by SungWoo Park Abstract of Dissertation This dissertation is a comparative analysis of lithic technology between the prehistoric to historic time periods represented at the Zimmerman site (11-Ls-13), a major late prehistoric and historic site in the Upper Illinois River Valley. Specifically, the study is a focus on how lithic technology shifts are related to subsistence activities and changing economic environments as the occupants of the site began to hunt bison after A.D. 1450. A technology is the balancing mechanism between economic benefits and energy expenditure. In other words, changes in technology are largely a reflection of changes in other aspects of culture, including population densities, mobility, and settlement systems. The technological change is an adaptive response to changes in energy demands in non-technological aspects of human adaptation to the environment. Tool making behaviors are strongly influenced by many factors, such as the distribution of raw material, food sources, and settlement location. Therefore, specific styles and techniques of tools found at archaeological sites represent a specific solution to the problems of adapting to local environments. But factors other than gross environmental variables may also condition how and why particular technologies are used. At the Zimmerman site floral and faunal data show change in subsistence and mobility from Heally phase agriculture, deer hunting and fishing to Danner bison hunting and agriculture. The Danner population brought a new ceramic tradition and way of life. However, lithic data show only subtle changes in raw material use. These changes are seen in both debitage and tools. The Crab Orchard Ceramic Tradition Surrounding the Confluence of the Wabash and Ohio Rivers by Ian K. deNeeve Abstract of Thesis This study synthesizes research to formulate a picture of the Early (600 BC-150BC) and Middle Woodland (150 BC-AD 300) Crab Orchard settlement patterns in northwestern Kentucky , as a part of the lower Wabash-lower Ohio region. The spatial distribution of sites containing Crab Orchard ceramics is plotted through the presence of Crab Orchard ceramics, and then examined for the relationship between these sites and the physical environment, different site types, and time period of occupation. During the Middle Woodland subperiod the Crab Orchard population increased from a dispersed and sparsely Early Woodland settlement pattern to one consisting of small and large base camps concentrated on terrace and floodplain landforms associated with the Ohio River channel. A further observation is that in more rugged topographic settings, sites tend to be placed in edge environments, located within close distance to landforms that contain different resource bases. The Crab Orchard settlement pattern in northwestern Kentucky is then compared to the Crab Orchard settlement pattern in the larger lower Wabash- lower Ohio region, finding that they are similar. Finally, directions for future research in Crab Orchard archaeology are discussed. Clam River Focus Ceramics Re-Examined: Variation with the Type Collection at the Milwaukee Public Museum by Laura A. Halverson Abstract of Master's Thesis During the 1935 and 1936 field seasons, W.C. McKern of the Milwaukee Public Museum and Ralph Linton of the University of Wisconsin led students in excavations of the Clam and Spender Lake Mounds and the surrounding areas and campsites. Based on this fieldwork, McKern described a new variant of the Late Woodland in northwestern Wisconsin, which he called The Clam River Focus. Since the publication of McKern's Clam River report in 1963, in which he introduced a new pottery type termed Clam River wrapped-stamped globoid, these ceramics have become synonymous with the Clam River manifestation in northwestern Wisconsin. Researchers that have worked in the area often referred to McKern's pottery type, but also expanded into include multiple Clam River sub-categories. Still, there is continuing controversy concerning the variation within Clam River Ware. The research presented here includes an attribute based analysis of McKern's collection of Clam River ceramics from the Clam and Spencer Lake type sites. The collection housed at the Milwaukee Public Museum and is supported by notes, photographs, and maps. This analysis describes the range of variation of ceramics within the Clam River type collection. The conclusions support an expansion of McKern's original description of Clam River Ware. At least six distinct ceramic categories are identified within the original Clam River collection. Aztalan Collard sherds appear in the collection, as well as St. Croix Series: Dentate Stamped Variety, a minimum of one unnamed incised type, Blackduck-like pottery, and two provisional types called Mound Beach Cord-Marked and Mound Beach Twisted Cord. In addition, analysis of available provenience data indicates that less than 6.75% of the ceramics in the collection were recovered from mound contexts. The bulk of the Clam River ceramic assemblage was recovered from non-mound, domestic proveniences. Finally, a review of calibrated date ranges for the Clam Lake and Spencer Lake material suggests an initial late Middle Woodland occupation circa calibrated AD 540 to AD 760, followed by a Late Woodland occupation spanning calibrated AD 800 to AD 1260. Skeletal Biology and Paleopathology of Domestic Dogs from Prehistoric Alabama, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee by Diane M. Warren Abstract of Ph.D. Dissertation Deliberate burial of dogs was common in the American Midwest and Southeast during the Archaic period (8000-3000 BP). Fewer burials and more butchered remains are found in Woodland (3000-1000 BP) and Mississippian (1000-500 BP) contexts. This shift has been attributed to a changing role of dogs with increased human sedentism and intensification of agriculture. Previous studies of the impact of this cultural shift on dog activity, treatment, and health are limited. Also limited are investigations of the criteria used to select dogs for particular mortuary treatments. In this study, paleopathology and skeletal biology were used to examine 455 dogs from 44 Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian, and protohistoric sites in Alabama, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee. Most of the dogs examined represent intentional burials, although a few, mostly from Illinois, are from contexts suggesting consumption. Skeletal and dental fractures, vertebral marginal osteophytosis, antemortem tooth absence, periodontal abscess, sex, size, and age at death were evaluated for each dog. Variation among dogs from differing archaeological contexts, time periods, and geographic regions was quantified. The results suggest a cultural preference for male dogs, either in the living dog population, or for burial. Age distributions are similar among most groups, although there is evidence of a cultural preference against including young dogs in human burials, and for the consumption of young dogs. Significant size differences occur between sexes, and there is limited evidence of an increase in dog size after the Archaic period. Differences among groups in skeletal fractures are mainly limited to the vertebrae, and may be related to the use of dogs to carry packs or in hunting. Differential use by human groups of dogs as beasts of burden is supported by the distribution and frequency of vertebral marginal osteophytosis. Skeletal pathologies suggestive of mistreatment also occur. Pathologies exhibited by dogs buried in direct association with humans suggest these dogs engaged in different activities during life than did dogs who were not buried in direct association with humans. Patterns of variation in dental health among the dogs suggest local and temporal differences in diet and activity, both over time and across space. The Kelly North Phase: Transitional Middle to Late Archaic Lithic Technology at Carcajou Point in SE Wisconsin By Daniel McGuire Winkler Abstract of Masters Thesis This study is an examination of the lithic economy of the transitional Middle to Late Archaic period in southeastern Wisconsin. Excavations at the Kelly North Tract at Carcajou Point in 2002 revealed materials associated with transitional Middle to Late Archaic occupations. These materials are provisionally placed into the proposed Kelly North Phase of the Archaic. Since intact Middle and Late Archaic period sites are rare in southeastern Wisconsin, the excavations at this site offer an opportunity to examine the lithic economy in place during this transitional period. This study will present what is currently known about both the Middle Archaic and Late Archaic periods in Wisconsin and adjacent regions of the Midwest, presenting the problems with dates and lithics from these periods. The lithic materials from the proposed Kelly North Phase will be compared to six intact Middle and Late Archaic sites in southeastern Wisconsin and northeastern Illinois to examine Archaic lithic economies on the Northern edge of the Prairie Peninsula. The materials will also be compared to two larger Middle and Late Archaic sites in west-central Illinois to examine the difference or similarities over a larger region in the Midwest. The proposed Kelly North Phase is a phase that appears to be Middle Archaic based on projectile point morphology, but has radiocarbon dates that are considered to be Late Archaic by most archaeologists. The presence of small, side notched, projectile points, some of which are well dated to the Middle Archaic in other areas of the Midwest, with Late Archaic dates suggests that the transition from the Middle Archaic to the Late Archaic took place later in Wisconsin than in other areas of the Prairie Peninsula. Oneota Mortuary Practices in Eastern Wisconsin By Kathleen M. Foley Winkler Abstract of Masters Thesis This comparative study is an analysis of Developmental Horizon Oneota mortuary practices in eastern Wisconsin. The material culture and osteological remains from four Oneota Sites: the Pipe Site in Fond du Lac County, the Walker-Hooper Site in Green Lake County, Carcajou Point in Jefferson County, and the Crescent Bay Hunt Club Site in Jefferson County are examined. The results of these analyses are then compared against each other, as well as published mortuary practices of Langford and Middle Mississippian mortuary practices, in order to contextualize the findings from a regional perspective. The Richter Site: A Lithic Analysis of a North Bay Site on Wisconsin's Door Peninsula By Dustin J. Blodgett Abstract of Masters Thesis This thesis is the investigation and examination of the lithic economy employed by the Middle Woodland occupants of the Richter Site. The Richter Site is a North Bay Phase site excavated in 1968 and 1973 on Washington Island off of Wisconsin's Door Peninsula. The focus of this study is to describe and understand the lithic technology employed by the people who occupied the Richter Site through the study of the lithic material procurement, stone tool use and discard patterns of its inhabitants. Also, a comparison is made between the Richter Site lithic assemblage and those of other North Bay sites in order to determine how the site fits into the North Bay lithic assemblage framework. Finally, the lithic technology found at North Bay sites is contrasted against that of other Middle Woodland sites with the aim of determining if the North Bay lithic economy is congruent with that of other Middle Woodland cultures in Wisconsin or if the data suggest a different model of resource utilization. Eating Ethnicity: Examining 18th Century French Colonial identity through selective consumption of animal resources in the North American interior by Rory J. Becker Abstract of Masters Thesis Cultural identities can be created and maintained through daily practice and food consumption is one such practice. People need food in order to survive, but the types of food they eat are largely determined by the interaction of culture and their environment. By approaching the topic of subsistence practices as being culturally constituted, the study of foodways provides an avenue to examine issues of cultural identity through selective consumption. Eating certain foods to the exclusion of others is one method for establishing social distance between peoples and is simultaneously a reflection of this relationship and the types of interactions that take place between the groups. This study explores the issue of cultural identity as expressed through selective consumption of animal resources at five French colonial sites in North America. The outpost known as Fort St. Joseph serves as an example of how one can utilize animal exploitation patterns to determine selective consumption and then the results of this analysis is compared to animal exploitation patterns at Fort Ouiatenon, French Cahokia, Fort de Chartres I, and Fort de Chartres III. Variation in these patterns suggests the different ways in which cultural identities were expressed at each site.
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