2002 MIDWESTERN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE

October 3rd through October 6th, 2002 - Columbus Ohio

Thursday, Oct. 3, 2002 2 P.M. – 9:30 P.M. (The Ohio Historical Center)

2:00 – 5:00 MIDDLE WOODLAND CERAMIC WORKSHOP
5:30 – 7:30 Reception
8:00 – 9:30 PLENARY SESSION: RECENT RESEARCH ON MIDDLE WOODLAND COLLECTIONS, OHS

Friday, Oct. 4, 2002 8 A.M. - 5 P.M. (Ramada Plaza Hotel)

Columbus Room

OAC Sponsored Symposium: Late Prehistoric Period Archaeology in the Ohio Region

8:00 Thomas Grooms, BHE Environmental, Inc.
An Imitative Experimental Study of Fort Ancient Storage (Paper)
Abstract: This paper addresses the uncertainty of subterranean storage through the use of imitative experimentation conducted at SunWatch Archaeological Park in Dayton, Ohio. This partially reconstructed Middle Fort Ancient village has provided a wealth of archaeological as well as experimental data. The latter is often overlooked by the archaeological community because experimentation conducted is often for the education of the public patrons who visit the park; hence, it is rarely published or presented in professional conferences. Experimental storage studies conducted at SunWatch demonstrate that subterranean pits are a viable means of storing perishable foodstuff. The experiment also hints at the fact that pits may be a complex phenomenon that can change from a storage facility to a trash receptacle multiple times.

8:15 Sara Anne Dvorak, The Cleveland Museum of Natural History
Ritual Manipulation of a Canid sp. Cranium in Northeast Ohio
Abstract: Site 33Cu462, located in the Cuyahoga River Valley, provided ample faunal remains during excavations by the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Radiocarbon dates between A.D. 1450 and 1650 place the primary occupation of the site within the late Whittlesey cultural tradition. One specimen, a canid skull, is particularly noteworthy. The normally well pronounced sagittal and lambdoidal crests of the canid, the occipital condyles, and the entire rostrum of the face were broken off and filed down. Without these diagnostic markers it is difficult to distinguish between domestic dog and coyote. The vault of the cranium was then drilled with 12 symmetrical holes. This paper will provide a general description and information concerning the ritual and ceremonial significance of this artifact.

8:30 Nigel R. Brush, Dept. of Geology, Ashland University
Cultural Disruptions at a 17th Century Village Near Warsaw, Ohio
Abstract: Excavations in 1991 and 1995 at the Cullison site in central Coshocton County revealed a late prehistoric village which was undergoing considerable cultural disruption. Four radiocarbon samples from refuse pits have dates ranging from 1610 to 1660 which place the occupation of the site just before the Beaver Wars. Although Wellsburg pottery dominates the ceramic assemblage, the presence of several different pottery and projectile point styles suggest the presence of refugees from other regions. The recovery of a piece of iron and a petroglyph of an Iroquois warrior provide additional evidence of the cultural disruptions that were occurring in Ohio at this time.

8:45 Paul W. Sciulli and Boyd P. Brown, The Ohio State University
Biological Affinities of the Late Prehistoric Grantham Site Population
Abstract: Cranial metrics (n=9) from 36 Grantham Site individuals are compared to samples from ten Ohio Valley Late Prehistoric sites (n=399) representing the Whittlesey, Monongahela, Belmont, Fort Ancient, and Sandusky Traditions. Principal coordinates analysis of Mahalanobis's distances shows that the Grantham sample clusters with eastern and northern Ohio Valley samples. Analysis of Late Prehistoric population structure (11 samples) shows that the Fst is comparable in magnitude to values found in historic Eastern Woodlands populations and that differentiation among subpopulations was greater in the Late Prehistoric period compared to the Late Archaic period. Implications of these results are discussed.

9:00 Bill Kennedy, Dayton Society of Natural History
Interpreting Fort Ancient Settlement Variability: Using G.I.S. to Incorporate Multiple Spatial Scales of Analysis
Abstract: Several temporal trends in Fort Ancient settlement patterns have been previously observed such as an increase in site size and changes in site distribution. These regional changes were examined in relation to economic considerations and the environmental context of habitation sites using a G.I.S to organize the data. Catchment analysis was used to examine the relationship between site size and soil fertility at the level of the individual site. Results indicate that changes in settlement patterns may be related to changes in environmental composition, but multiple environmental variables must be considered to develop satisfactory conclusions.

9:15 Break

9:30 Lynn Simonelli and Bill Kennedy, Dayton Society of Natural History
" My Other Site is a National Historic Landmark": Current Research at the Late Prehistoric Wegerzyn Garden Center Site (33MY127)
Abstract: Excavation at the Wegerzyn Garden Center site has revealed that this site does not fit the classic model of a middle period Fort Ancient habitation, as exemplified at SunWatch/Incinerator (33MY57). Wegerzyn does not appear to be a circular, nucleated village, and features encountered seem to be arranged in a near-random pattern. These include human interments, three varieties of storage/trash pits, postholes, hearths, and structures. The small size and simple layout of this site stand in strong contrast to that of most contemporaneous sites and may be representative of an under-examined form of Fort Ancient habitation.

9:45 William C. Johnson, Cultural Resources Section, Michael Baker Jr., Inc.
A Review of the Late Woodland Period (ca. A.D. 1000-1600) in the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau Section of Northwestern Pennsylvania
Abstract: The Glaciated Allegheny Plateau (GAP) tradition includes three successive phases representing 600 years of in situ Late Woodland development on the glaciated Allegheny Plateau section of northwestern Pennsylvania. These phases are defined by changes in ceramic styles. The variety of contemporaneous GAP tradition settlement types and patterns suggest adaptive diversity and flexible subsistence strategies. The gradual dispersal of the GAP tradition people from the glaciated Plateau at the beginning of the Neo-Boreal climatic episode is documented through the spread of their distinctive McFate Incised and Conemaugh Cord-Impressed ceramics and the preferred twist direction of their cordage. These items of material culture indicate their probable ethnic/linguistic identity.

10:00 Richard L. George, Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Wylie #3, A Southwestern Pennsylvania Monongahela Site with Fort Ancient Connections
Abstract: The Wylie #3 site was excavated by Carnegie Museum of Natural History and the Allegheny Chapter, Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology from 1989 to 2001. With four dated Monongahela occupations, the site's settlement patterns are both confusing and enlightening. Houses related to a 14th century A.D. occupation have "attached" ramadas, a first for Monongahela. Several unusual stone-filled features, with associated hearths, are attributed to a 13th century A.D. presence. A sample of Fort Ancient triangular points are described with emphasis on one example found in the abdominal area of an adult female burial.

10:15 David M. Stothers, University of Toledo
Great Lakes Aboriginal Confederacies: Shifting Political and Economic Conflict and Cooperation
Abstract: Throughout the previous three decades, a conjunctive approach to archaeology, ethnohistory, cartography, and linguistics, has resurrected the Assistearonon/'Fire Nation' Confederacy from obscurity. This paper considers the eight central Algonquian tribes, excluding the Potawatomi, from which the confederacy has its origins. Contrary to conventional wisdom, recent historic and archaeological research indicates that relations between the 'Fire Nation' Confederacy and the Iroquoian Confederacies of the Huron, Petun, and Neutral, fluctuated between cooperation and competition in their political and economic/commercial pursuits.

10:30 David M. Stothers, Andrew M. Schneider, Brian Scanlan, Jennifer Scanlan, and George B. DeMuth, Firelands Archaeological Research Center
The Taylor Site (33Er3): A Multi-Component Cemetery and Habitation Site on the Huron River, Erie County, Ohio
Abstract: Ongoing excavations at the non-stratified, multi-component Taylor Site (33Er3) have disclosed occupations from the Late Archaic, Middle Woodland Esch Phase, and Sandusky Tradition Green Creek, Eiden, Wolf and Fort Meigs phases. In addition, an ephemeral Western Basin Tradition occupation has been documented and the remains of an early 19th century Euro-American cabin have been excavated. Mortuary data from the Green Creek and Eiden phases includes several contiguous, single, extended burials and one ossuary burial containing nine individuals. Investigations in central portions of the site have uncovered an activity/habitation area represented by pit features and linear postmold patterns.

10:45 Brian G. Redmond, The Cleveland Museum of Natural History
Late Prehistoric Community Patterns at the White Fort Site (33Ln2)
Abstract: Since 1995, archaeological investigations by the Cleveland Museum of Natural History at the White Fort site (33Ln2) have revealed the remains of an extensive (3.5 ha) Late Prehistoric period habitation area comprised of one or more nucleated settlements. The most thoroughly investigated component at this site is a 0.6 ha village dating to the fourteenth century A.D. Systematic testing and block area excavations of this settlement have revealed the remains of multiple, concentric post and ditch stockade lines; at least three different architectural forms of dwelling. Among the latter are semi-subterranean/pit structures which appear to represent sweat lodges or cold-season dwellings. This paper will discuss the implication of these new data for the study of Late Prehistoric period community patterns in northern Ohio.

11:00 Break

11:15 OAC Business Meeting

Symposium: Woodland Taxonomy and Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley
Darlene Applegate, Organizer
Western Kentucky University
Abstract: Middle Ohio Valley prehistorians regularly experience problems applying traditional systematics in their Woodland Period research. What criteria are useful in defining periods and cultural types, and over what temporal-spatial boundaries do those criteria hold? How can we accommodate regional variation in the development and expression of traits used to delineate periods and cultural types? Is it prudent to equate culture types with periods? How does the concept of tradition relate to periods and cultural types? How does the available taxonomy hinder research? Symposium participants will address these issues in the context of their Middle Ohio Valley Woodland Period research.

1:00 William S. Dancey, The Ohio State University
The Case for a New Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley
Abstract: Study of the origin and spread of agriculture in the Middle Ohio Valley requires a new systematics. Concepts such as Adena, Hopewell, and Late Woodland originated in the formative era of Midwestern archaeology. Amending them, or adapting them to local cases, has not changed their typological nature. This paper summarizes the history of how culture historical units applied to the archaeology of central Ohio came about, evaluates these units based on current knowledge of the archaeological record, questions their ability to adequately describe variation in the record, and suggests possible alternatives that facilitate the study of evolutionary change in subsistence strategy.

1:15 R. Eric Hollinger, National Museum of Natural History, and Lauren Sieg, University of Illinois
The Problem of Hopewell Taxonomy: A Review
Abstract: Hopewell has been considered a culture, complex, horizon, phase, period, style, trading system, mortuary and religious system, symbolic system, and interaction sphere, etc.. How can "Hopewell" be defined in systematic terms? McKern and Willey and Phillips proposed taxonomic systems, but misapplication of their concepts has blurred the distinctions between the units 'period,' 'tradition,' 'horizon,' and 'culture.' Inconsistent terminology and conceptualizations limit understanding of Middle Woodland cultural dynamics. Recent taxonomic reviews elsewhere in the Midwest demonstrate that reexamination of systematics clarifies fundamental questions of space, time, and form and would be useful for the Ohio Valley.

1:30 R. Berle Clay, Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc.
What Shall We Do With "Adena"?
Abstract: I review how different archaeologists have used the term Adena. These uses have been all over the waterfront (and, in hindsight, at times way out in left field) with the result that Adena has always been a problem, and is becoming increasingly so as new data, and new reinterpretations, make the scene. In the Ohio Valley core area Adena seems to be subsiding into "Adena." On the peripheries the "" are less common, because archaeologists have not had to wrestle with the implied contradictions. I suggest that in ten years "Adena" will subside into one of those fondly remembered, obsolete formulations, perhaps like Holmes' "Middle Mississippian." Requiescat in pace!

1:45 James A. Brown, Northwestern University
Use and Abuse of Taxonomy in the Midwestern Archaeology
Abstract: Current practice remains unconcerned with inconsistencies in taxonomic usage. In light of sound taxonomic usage this paper considers the problems that two glaring instances raise. First, the "Late Woodland Period" inconsistently periodizes the Eastern Woodlands and the Midwest in particular. Second, the "Adena Culture" has remained all too long the pre-Midwestern Taxonomic System entity it started out as under Greenman's hands. The paper follows the taxonomic guidelines proposed at the beginning to suggest ways in which the operational difficulties posed by these entities can be overcome.

2:00 Eric J. Schlarb, Kentucky Archaeological Survey
The Bullock Site: A Forgotten Adena Mound in Woodford County, Kentucky
Abstract: In 1947, William S. Webb and William Haag excavated the Bullock Mound in central Kentucky. The excavations recovered Adena Plain pottery in association with a rectangular submound structure with a central hearth and cremation. Using a trait list approach, Webb and Haag had difficulty assigning a cultural affiliation to the Bullock site, as the site contains traits that are diagnostic of both Adena (Adena Plain) and Hopewell (rectangular structure). Analysis of the materials and records from the site suggest that the Bullock Mound is a late Adena site that reflects interaction with Hopewellian groups north of the Ohio River.

2:15 Break

2:30 Jarrod D. Burks, The Ohio State University and Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
Archaeology at the Edges of Time and Space: Working Across and Between Woodland Period Taxonomic Units in Central Ohio
Abstract: Research from regions that express the more classic taxonomic characteristics as defined in the literature has, over the years, eclipsed much of the variability from more peripheral areas. Loss of this variability has resulted in island-like concepts such as "Adena" and "Hopewell" with little linkage through time and space. Continuing research at the edges of taxonomic units of time and space shows that important changes in Woodland period community organization, such as household aggregation, began in areas thought to be peripheral. Furthermore, these changes begin well before the decline of the Hopewell phenomenon, to which they are commonly linked.

2:45 Lauren Sieg, University of Illinois
Valley View: Hopewell from the Perspective of the Little Miami Valley
Abstract: Hopewell is primarily known through mortuary-ceremonial sites, special raw materials, and distinctive artifact styles. The largest number of earthworks and the highest concentration of exotic goods are found in southern Ohio. However, the variability between sites and the regional expressions of a more general Middle Woodland cultural pattern suggest that Hopewell is not a unified cultural tradition. Middle Woodland sites in the Ohio Valley can be subdivided by age, architecture, artifacts, and geographical proximity. One such regional group can be defined for the Little Miami Valley, where the data suggest a combination of distinct local practices and horizon-like Hopewell influences.

3:00 David S. Brose, The Schiele Museum of Natural History
Archaeological Clone Wars: Taxonomic Homogeneity and Cultural Divergence in the Mid-Continent
Abstract: Research in the Ohio Valley illuminates the implausibility of correctly explaining significant regional interaction with taxonomic tools designed to address local problems. This paper suggests the resolution to taxonomic incompatibility begins by rejecting socio-political models inferred from "apt" ethnographic reports applied to distant archaeological contexts and proceeds by identifying archaeologically recoverable indices of economic and social complexity unbiased by assumptions that what can be demonstrated for one area at one time is extensible to adjacent areas or to proximal times. This approach demands justification of criteria used for cultural/chronological systems and explicit description of the boundary conditions over which they may be valid and/or useful.

3:15 Robert Mainfort, Arkansas Archaeological Survey - Discussion

3:30 Darlene Applegate, Western Kentucky University - Discussion

3:45 Break

Miscellaneous Contributed Papers

4:00 James M. VanderVeen, Indiana University
The Problem of Paradigms and Prehistory: How Politics and Prosperity Help Construct the Past
Abstract: Of interest to many archaeologists is the issue of the social context within which their personal research occurs. The political context and its consequences, however, are often ignored. Data are strongly influenced by the availability of money, the desirability of sites, and the ease of political access to both. The resulting information, in turn, can prejudice further research. Entire theories about the past are assembled from evidence for which the source is rarely questioned. This paper discusses such a paradigm in Caribbean archaeology where an important factor in the theory may well be biased due to modern political situations.

4:15 Sarah Studenmund, Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
An examination of the radiocarbon database for northern Illinois
Abstract: The 14C database for prehistoric occupations in northern Illinois is composed of over 50 radiocarbon dates from more than 20 habitation and burial sites. Few of these dates come from Archaic, Early Woodland or Middle Woodland occupations; most come from Late Woodland or late prehistoric contexts. The gaps in the regional chronology are usually filled by comparing diagnostic artifacts with ones dated in adjacent regions. An analysis of the dataset provides specific information on the gaps in the chronology and suggestions for how to fill them.

4:30 Deborah A. (Weiss) Bolnick, University of California, Davis
Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup variation among the Adena
Abstract: The Adena and Hopewell cultural traditions have been the subject of intense archaeological research for over a century, but because archaeological data cannot provide direct evidence of genetic relationships, questions still remain concerning the biological relationships between populations practicing these traditions. To help resolve such questions, we obtained Adena skeletal samples from the Robbins and Wright mound populations. DNA was extracted from these samples and mitochondrial DNA haplogroups were identified. These two Adena populations were compared with other prehistoric and modern Native American populations to evaluate genetic relatedness and to help characterize the genetic prehistory of the Ohio Valley.

Cleveland Room

Symposium: Current Archaeological Investigations at Fort. St. Joseph (20BE23) in Southwest Michigan
Michael Nassaney, Organizer, Western Michigan University
Abstract: The 2002 Western Michigan University archaeological field school spent three weeks investigating the site of Fort St. Joseph in southwest Michigan, a mission-garrison-trading post complex established by the French in 1691 and controlled by the English for two decades until 1781. Unlike the earlier shovel test survey of 1998, this season we employed an effective dewatering system that allowed us to observe the site’s natural and cultural stratigraphy and to identify and document clear evidence of subsurface features and intact artifact deposits. We also recovered a large assemblage of well-preserved 18th century animal bones and other botanical remains in context. In this session we discuss our field methodologies and preliminary findings and argue that the archaeology of Fort St. Joseph has great potential to contribute valuable information to the study of life on the frontier of the French and English empires.

1:00 Michael Nassaney, Western Michigan University
An Overview of the Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project
Abstract: The Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project was initiated in 1998 to identify, investigate, and interpret the physical remains of Fort St. Joseph. A survey conducted in 1998 identified a deposit of French and English artifacts associated with a large assemblage of well-preserved animal bones. This past spring we employed a well point dewatering system and geophysics to assist in locating and documenting undisturbed cultural deposits and features in stratigraphic context. In this paper I summarize the accomplishments of the project to date and discuss future plans to continue excavations at the site.

1:15 William Cremin, Western Michigan University
Water, Water Everywhere: Methods of Site Dewatering, Wet Screen Recovery, and Preliminary Botanical Findings
Abstract: When we entered the field on May 13, the St. Joseph River was in flood stage and the site of Fort St. Joseph was a meter under water. Two weeks later, with water having sufficiently receded, a dewatering system was put in place, permitting exploratory excavations of the site. In this paper, I will describe how the site was dewatered and the means by which samples of sediment from units and features were wet screened, dramatically augmenting recovery of small-scale archaeological materials. Some preliminary observations on the botanical assemblage will also be provided.

1:30 Daniel Lynch, Laura Sherrod, and William Sauck, Western Michigan University
Geophysical Survey Techniques and Results at Fort St. Joseph
Abstract: Recent geophysical investigation at Fort St. Joseph (1691-1781) employed cesium-vapor magnetometry, ground penetrating radar, electrical resistivity, and electromagnetic induction to guide archaeological excavations with encouraging results. All but one of the five units excavated to examine a geophysical anomaly yielded physical evidence of the fort. Cultural deposits identified include a burnt pit feature, building stones, and a charcoal layer associated with a possible burnt structure. There are numerous geophysical anomalies on the site that require further investigation. To aid in the interpretation of the geophysical results, soil samples were systematically collected for detailed magnetic susceptibility studies in the lab.

1:45 Brock Giordano and Michael Nassaney, Western Michigan University
A Glimpse into the Artifact Inventory from Fort St. Joseph
Abstract: Archaeological investigations conducted during the 2002 field season at Fort St. Joseph yielded a broad range of artifacts, many of which were associated with cultural features. This paper presents a preliminary discussion of the types of artifacts that were recovered and their chronological placement. The artifacts can be grouped into four functional categories (personal, household, occupational, and structural) that can be used to infer some of the activities of the occupants and facilitate inter-site comparisons. These materials underscore the significance of the site and its potential to contribute to the study of 18th century colonial life on the frontier.

2:00 Marc Henshaw, Western Michigan University
Conservation of Metal Artifacts from Fort St. Joseph
Abstract: Among the artifacts collected from Fort St. Joseph (20BE23) were a significant number of metal objects, particularly gun parts. The purpose of this paper is to outline the current preservation plans for the metal artifacts recovered from the site. This assessment will examine the present day site conditions (e.g., soil characteristics) and depositional contexts to determine their affect on the preservation of metal artifacts. The environmental factors will help to determine the techniques to be employed for the consolidation and stabilization of the artifacts so that they can be preserved for study well into the future.

2:15 Rory Becker, Western Michigan University, and Terrance J. Martin, Illinois State Museum
A Preliminary Report on Animal Exploitation Patterns at Fort St. Joseph (20BE23), Berrien County, Michigan
Abstract: Animal remains are the most conspicuous items recovered by Western Michigan University's 2002 excavations at the site of Fort St. Joseph where more than 6,000 specimens were associated with the 18th-century French and British occupations. In this preliminary assessment we examine the species composition of the excellently-preserved faunal assemblage along with intra-site distributions in order to identify potentially significant spatial and/or temporal animal exploitation patterns.

2:30 Break

Historic Period Contributed Papers

2:45 Mark R. Schurr and Terrance J. Martin, University of Notre Dame
How the Pokagon Band Avoided Removal: Archaeological Evidence from the Pokagon Village Site (20 Be 13)
Abstract: The Removal Period is the time between the Treaty of Greenville in A.D. 1795 and the final expulsion of most Potawatomi from Michigan and Indiana by 1840. It was a time of rapid social change, when Native Americans developed many different adaptive strategies that are revealed by great cultural diversity in time and space. Archaeological investigations of the Pokagon Village site (20 Be 13) have provided new insights into the strategies that the wkama Leopold Pokagon used to avoid the removal of his band. The manipulation of religious identity and the development of economic self-sufficiency were both important anti-removal strategies.

3:00 Steven Kuehn, Wisconsin Historical Society
Dining at the Straits: Dietary Evidence from the American Millwright's House at Mill Creek
Abstract: Zooarchaeological remains from the Millwright's House (ca. 1790-1840) at Mill Creek provide important data on early nineteenth century diet in the Mackinac Straits region. The inhabitants relied on domesticated taxa and fish, although a wide array of wild mammals and birds also were utilized. Comparison with earlier and later Native American, French, British, and American faunal assemblages illustrate aspects of dietary change over time in the region, reflecting decreasing resource availability, the socioeconomic means and ethnic heritage of the inhabitants, and the passing of the frontier, as the fur trade era gave way to a market economy.

3:15 Robert F. Sasso, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, and Dan Joyce, Kenosha Public Museum
Recent Research at Skunk Grove: The Search for the Jambeau Trading Post
Abstract: Early nineteenth century records indicate that an important fur trade post existed at what was then called Skunk Grove in southeastern Wisconsin. Operated by members of the Vieau (or "Jambeau") family during the 1830s and perhaps some years earlier, this represented a locus of substantial trade with the Potawatomi of the region. Archaeological investigations were conducted in 2002 along Hoods Creek near what is now Franksville, in Racine County. Metal detection survey and subsurface testing provided significant evidence of this trade post and preliminary data on archaeological deposits at the site of the Vieau Post (47RA90).

3:30 James Cummings, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Richard Rothaus, St. Cloud State University, and David Mather, University of Minnesota
Partnerships in Public Archaeology: Research, Education and Interpretation at Mille Lacs Kathio State Park
Abstract: The Mille Lacs locality of east-central Minnesota was a primary point of cultural contact between the Dakota and French in the late seventeenth century. This intersection of the written and unwritten past has inspired more than a century of archaeological research, and designation of Mille Lacs Kathio State Park as a National Historic Landmark District. While recognizing the importance of the event, current interpretation of Kathio’s cultural landscape spans 10,000 years of human heritage. Ongoing research includes the public through partnerships among professional and avocational archaeologists from the State Park Service, state universities, tribal governments, private companies and non-profit organizations.

3:45 David M. Stothers, The University of Toledo
The Fry Site: An Odawa Settlement on the Lower Maumee River of Ohio 1812-1832
Abstract: The Fry site (33Lu165) is an Odawa (Ottawa), cabin settlement on the lower Maumee River of Ohio dating 1812-1832. Excavations in 1977 and 1985 revealed a Native American cabin and animal pen or compound, a rich assemblage of Native and European-manufactured artifacts including trade silver, a human burial, and well-documented faunal and floral remains. Bands of Odawas were known historically to inhabit the Maumee, Little Auglaize, and Blanchard Rivers during the nineteenth century. The Odawas established themselves in the Maumee valley after Pontiac’s unsuccessful attempt to thwart British control over the Northwest Territory in 1763.

Rockshelter Contributed Papers
4:00 Gwynn Henderson, David Pollack, and Eric J. Schlarb
Variability in Late Archaic/Early Woodland Rockshelter Utilization in Eastern Kentucky's Red River Gorge Region
Abstract: Data from two recently excavated rockshelters (Military Wall and Raised Spirits) in Powell County are used to examine Late Archaic/Early Woodland settlement patterns in the Red River Gorge Region of eastern Kentucky. In this region, Late Archaic/Early Woodland hunter-gatherers/incipient horticulturalists participated in a settlement system that included specialized activity sites, such as plant food processing and hunting camps, and base camps, where they were involved in a more diversified set of activities.

4:15 Nikki A. Waters, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
Testing Regional Models of Prehistoric Rockshelter Exploitation
Abstract: During the spring of 2002, the Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne Archaeological Survey in cooperation with the USDA Forest Service-Hoosier National Forest completed an intensive survey-level evaluation of prehistoric rockshelter sites within the eastern fork of the Peter Cave Hollow region of the Hoosier National Forest in Perry and Crawford counties, Indiana. When combined with the results of the 2001 Peter Cave Hollow rockshelter survey, the 2002 data have allowed for the formulation of explicit and testable hypotheses concerning the prehistoric use of rockshelter sites within the region.

Cincinnati Room
Symposium: Tribal Societies in the Hocking River Valley, Southeastern Ohio
Eliot Abrams, Organizer
Ohio University
Abstract: The Hocking River Valley, in southeastern Ohio, bore witness to the establishment of settled tribal communities ca. 1000 B.C. The papers in this symposium share a common theme - documenting with archaeological data from survey and excavation the process of indigenous tribal formation and growth in this valley. The data span from the Late Archaic to the Late Prehistoric periods and describe such topics as demography, economics and gardening, regional political relations, gender relations, and religion.

2:00 Marjorie Heyman, Michigan State University
Late Archaic Feasting: A Case Example from SE Ohio
Abstract: Feasting has been identified as one of the significant acts that facilitates group aggregation among egalitarian societies. Large cooking features were excavated at the Late Archaic – Middle Woodland County Home site (33-AT-40), Athens County, Ohio. A significant number of artifacts and ecofacts were recovered from five large Late Archaic cooking features. It is inferred that the larger cooking features were used for cooking greater quantities of food than would have been necessary to feed the site’s inhabitants. We suggest that these features reflect the past conduct of feasts involving several small communities that aggregated periodically at the site.

2:15 David Crowell, Ohio University
Population Reconstruction of the Country Home site (33AT40)
Abstract: The County Home Site (33At40) in Athens County, Ohio offers a unique opportunity for investigating and understanding tribal origins in the lower Hocking River Valley. It is temporally affiliated with the Late Archaic and Early Woodland periods, in which culture groups in the Midwest developed into more complex social, economic, and political entities. The research presented here looks to the organization of domestic space as a means of understanding the emergence of cultural complexity through an architectural features analysis. By identifying and quantifying domestic structure clusters of architectural features at the County Home Site a greater understanding of village and tribal origins, as well as settlement and subsistence patterns, can be achieved.

2:30 Ryan Weller, Applied Archaeological Services
The Rehobeth Site (33PE642): Early Woodland Occupation in the Uplands near the Hocking Valley Watershed
Abstract: Intensive Cultural Resources Management investigations were conducted at the Rehobeth Site (33PE642) in Clayton Township, Perry County, Ohio. Spatially distinct lithic deposits and artifacts indicative of the Early Woodland period were encountered during the Phase II assessment of this site. The site was located within a surface mining permit application area and could not be avoided. This prompted data recovery excavations which were conducted during the spring of 2002. Following these excavations, the site area was destroyed.

2:45 Joseph Wakeman, Hocking College
33-AT-909: An Example of Woodland Period Variability in the Hocking River Valley
Abstract: Recent investigations at the Hocking College Nature Center site (33 - AT - 909) in southeast Ohio have yielded some interesting insights into the Woodland cultures in the Hocking River valley. This valley is arguably the least understood major watershed in the state of Ohio. The settlement patterns and material assemblages most commonly associated with the Woodland cultures in the Ohio valley, do not always apply to the Hocking as they do to adjacent watersheds such as the Scotio and Muskingum. This study will examine the variability of the Early Woodland sites in the Hocking valley as well as the spatial distribution of the sites in the watershed, with a special emphasis on the continuing investigations at 33 -AT-909.

3:00 Break

3:15 Jeremy Blazier, Ohio University, and AnnCorrinne Freter-Abrams, Ohio University
A Re-Examination of Mound 24, The Plains, Ohio, Utilizing Harris Matrix Stratigraphic Profiling
Abstract: Mound 24, The Plains, Ohio was initially trenched by E. B. Andrews well over a century ago. A re-investigation of Mound 24 was conducted in 2002 for data recovery and radiocarbon dating. The 1 X 1 m test trench revealed several construction levels which are analyzed utilizing the Harris Matrix stratigraphic profiling technique. Broader socio-political implications of these new data are considered.

3:30 John Schweikart, Ohio Department of Transportation
Coming Together at The Crossroads: Aggregated Settlement At the Swinehart Village, Fairfield County, Ohio
Abstract: Archaeologists have long noted distinctions between the Early Late Woodland Period in the Scioto, Hocking, and Muskingum Drainages in southeastern Ohio circa A.D. 500-800. Nevertheless, it is difficult to imagine that these tribal populations did not interact on a regular basis as had their Adena and Hopewellian predecessors. This paper offers initial considerations for the development of Early Late Woodland aggregated settlement in an area strategically located at the cross-roads of these three major drainages and is based on a synthesis of geophysical, climatological and distributional data from recent investigations at the Swinehart Village Site in Fairfield County, Ohio.

3:45 Elliot Abrams, Ohio University
Late Prehistoric Community Structure in the Hocking River Valley, Ohio
Abstract: Excavation of the Allen site (33AT654) has revealed the remnants of houses dated between A.D. 850 and 1250. The housing at this site is described, followed by a description of community structure and demography. Finally, the spacial distribution of these communities within the valley are detailed.

4:00 Martha Otto, Ohio Historical Society – Discussion

4:15 Break

4:30 Bradley T. Lepper, Ohio Historical Society, and Tod A. Frolking, Department of Geography and Geology, Denison University
The Geoarchaeology and iconography of Alligator Mound (33Li5), A Late Prehistoric Effigy Mound in Licking County, Ohio
Abstract: Alligator Mound, one of only two animal effigy mounds in Ohio, was partially excavated with a 1x4 m trench and small test pit in 1999. Radiocarbon dates of two discrete charcoal fragments, averaged between AD 1170 and 1270, link the mound to the Fort Ancient culture (circa AD 1000-1550). Stratigraphic and texture data indicate the mound was constructed in stages: topsoil stripping, emplacement of stone piles, covering and shaping with stripped soil, and emplacement of flaggy sandstone mantle. Ethnohistoric analogies suggest the mound represents an Underwater Panther, a mythical being frequently depicted in the art of this and subsequent eras.

Friday, Oct. 4, 2002 5 P.M. – 9:30 P.M. (Ramada Plaza Hotel)

5:00-6:00 MAC BUSINESS MEETING

Toledo Room
7:30 PLENARY SESSION: THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF HOPEWELL (7:30-9:30)
The Anthropology of Northern Hopewell: Economy, Community, and Craft
Christopher Carr, Organizer
Arizona State University
Abstract: In the last two decades, the archaeology of northern Hopewellian peoples has, with a few exceptions, been rightfully oriented toward basic data recovery, description, and descriptive modeling. This agenda has been necessary to explore the veracity of fundamental culture-historical and ecological reconstructions offered earlier by Caldwell, Struever, Prufer, and others. The four presentations in this symposium provide a sampling of recent attempts to place the study of northern Hopewellian peoples within an anthropological archaeological framework. Basic, shared approaches include intense exploration of local cultural contexts and histories; insight generated by controlled, crosscultural comparison among local traditions; a sensitivity to, if not identification of, cultural actors and motivation; and interpretation informed by crossculturally derived, anthropological theory.

DeeAnne Wymer, Bloomsburg University, and Sissel Johannessen, US Army Corps of Engineers
Growing the World in Their Image: The Evolutionary Trajectories of Hopewell Farming, East and West.
Abstract:This presentation compares the Hopewell farming systems of Ohio and Illinois and the individual evolutionary trajectories in which they were embedded. Although pre- and post-Hopewell plant use systems show significant differences in the two regions, Hopewellian people in both areas seem to have had very similar systems of farming and plant use. These similarities are considered in terms of a widely-shared Hopewellian identity expressed through the food system and the dynamic of the human-land interaction.

Bret J. Ruby, US Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, and
Douglas K. Charles, Wesleyan University and Center for American Archeology
A Comparative Perspective on Hopewellian Community Organization
Abstract: The organization of Hopewellian communities is explored using a comparative and multiscalar approach. Comparisons are made between the lower Illinois Valley, the lower Wabash Valley and the central Scioto Valley at several social and spatial scales: the household, the settlement, the community, and the region. The relationship between domestic and ritual spaces (primarily mounds and earthworks) is examined at each scale. The comparisons reveal important organizational differences between regions, and suggest revisions to existing organizational models within regions.

Christopher Carr, D. Troy Case, Jaimin Weets, and Beau Goldstein, Arizona State University
Scioto Hopewell Inter-Community Alliances and Alliance Strategies.
Abstract: Three self-identifying Middle Woodland dispersed communities within the Scioto-Paint Creek area are well defined with reinforcing mortuary, architectural, and artifact stylistic data from several mound and earthwork centers. During the middle to late Middle Woodland, the three communities appear to have symbolized and sanctified a formal alliance among themselves in part through burying some of their dead together within each of several charnel houses, as indicated by multiple facets of the mortuary record. Later dissolution of the alliance can also be traced. This culture-historical reconstruction is supported by independent estimates of changes in the sizes and social compositions of mortuary gatherings at mound and earthwork centers over time, based on the numbers and kinds of artifacts found within burials and ceremonial deposits. The historical reconstruction accords with anthropological theory on sequences of alliance development within societies of middle-range complexity.

Katherine A. Spielmann, Arizona State University
Hopewell Workshops: Craft Specialization for Ritual Consumption
Abstract: A strong case can be made for a link between ritual demand and the development of craft specialization in small-scale societies. Craft specialists in such societies may be ‘attached’ to ritual contexts rather than to elites. The organization and scale of the production of items used for ritual performance and participation varies, however, depending on the nature of the item and the degree to which its use is restricted to certain contexts or personnel. In this presentation, I contrast ornament production at Ohio Hopewell earthworks with decorated ceramic production in the Rio Grande area of New Mexico.

Saturday, Oct. 5, 2002 8 A.M - 5 P.M. (Ramada Plaza Hotel)

Columbus Room
Symposium: Honoring Dr. Robert J. Salzer

8:00 Richard P. Mason, University of Wisconsin
A Mastodont, Fluted Points, and the "Valders Problem" in Winnebago County, Wisconsin
Abstract: The significance of a mastodont find many years ago at Omro, Wisconsin, and nearby fluted point finds, is examined in light of recent revisions to the glacial history of Winnebago County, Wisconsin. Some of the fluted points are reported here for the first time. Controversy surrounded the age of fluted points found on Valders till thought to be free of ice by 8500 B.C. or later. This same till in the Omro area is now renamed the Kirby Lake Member till and is thought to be free of ice by 10,000 B.C. or earlier. The term "Valders" is now reassigned to the Valders Member till along the shore of Lake Michigan. Thus the Winnebago County fluted points can now be assigned to the same age as those fluted points found in southern Wisconsin.

8:15 Richard W. Yerkes, Ohio State University
Hopewell and Tiszapolgár: Comparison of Tribal Societies in the Ohio Valley and the Great Hungarian Plain
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between subsistence, sedentism, and social organization in tribal societies found in two geographically and culturally discrete contexts, the Middle Woodland period in the Ohio Valley and the Neolithic-Copper Age transition on the Great Hungarian Plain. This cross-cultural comparison of egalitarian societies in similar temperate environments focuses on the impact that economic strategies have on social organization and the degree of social integration and interaction. It is argued that animal domestication led to the development of more sedentary and socially integrated societies during the Copper Age on the great Hungarian Plain, while the mobile Hopewell (who were not tied down by domestic animals) developed a dispersed settlement system and an elaborate interaction sphere.

8:30 Warren R. DeBoer, Queens College
In the Stars, Oh the Ground, or Both? Another Look at Scioto Hopewell Mounuments
Abstract: Much attention has been given to the astronomical alignment of Hopewell monuments; however, this analysis suggests that a major orientational field was keyed to inter-site directions rather than to celestial azimuths. This pattern implies sequent sets of active centers used in ad seriatim fashion, a finding compatible with available chronological evidence. Although solstice alignments characterize a few sites, claims for the marking of long-term lunar cycles can also be viewed as constructional epiphenomena. Scioto geomancers, certainly aware of movements across the heavens, were more concerned with the shunting of people across a politically-contested landscape.

8:45 Grace Rajnovich, Michigan State University
The Ceramics of the Robinson Site in North Central Wisconsin
Abstract: The Robinson site in north-central Wisconsin is one of the best-kept secrets of northern archaeology. This little known site is gigantic, covering more than 40 acres and containing 34 burial mounds (Salzer 1969: 28) including the most northerly effigy mound in Wisconsin. The site on Lake Nokomis in Oneida County was the focus of Beloit college excavations from 1965 to 1968 under the direction of Robert J. Salzer. My analysis of the Robinson ceramics, using cluster analysis, was an attempt to discover relationships among the vessels, ignoring previous typological distinctions. The study included 220 vessels. Clustering produced 13 groups, 12 of them overlapping from Early Woodland Nokomis material through Heins Creek-like cord impressed and cord-wrapped stick types, to Madison-like cord impressed types, to vessels with rolled incipient collaring, to fully collared cord-impressed and cord-wrapped stick stamped vessels. They seriate in that some minor attributes of one group become the major attributes of the next group. The study concludes that the ceramic sequence indicates an unbroken local development from Early Woodland all the way through to the Late Woodland collared wares.

9:00 Break

9:15 Jamie Kelly, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Delineating the Temporal and Spatial Boundaries of Collared Ceramics in Wisconsin and Illinois
Abstract: Currently, there is no consensus about when and where collared wares were first introduced into southern Wisconsin. A number of researchers believe that intrusive Late Woodland groups from the south introduced such wares into the area. Others propose a model where they developed locally out of the Effigy Mound Tradition. Although this paper does not establish how collared wares were introduced, it examines the temporal and spatial distributions as well as the cultural associations of six collared ware varieties from sites in this region, including a few significant sites that Dr. Robert Salzer has worked on during his career.

9:30 Lucretia S. Kelly, Washington University
The Significance of the Beloit College Excavations at Cahokia's Merrell Tract
Abstract: During the summers of 1969, 71, and 72 Bob Salzer led a contingent of Beloit College field school students to Cahokia in search of the west palisade wall. Although no wall was identified a sequence of occupations were identified that has a bearing on our understanding on Cahokia's Emergent Mississippian beginnings; its florescence; and the subsequent changes leading up to its abandonment. This paper summarizes the significance of not only this information, but its impact in terms of methods and ideas at this unique Mississippian site.

9:45 Jeffery A. Behm, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh
An Early Mississippian Component at the Bell Site (47-Wn-9), Winnebago County, Wisconsin
Abstract: The Bell site is well known for the large Middle Historic Meskwaki occupation dating between 1680 and 1730. Analysis of artifacts from the lengthy salvage of the site (1990-1998) have identified several shell-tempered Ramey Incised and other early Mississippian ceramics associated with the rise of Cahokia in the American Bottom of Illinois. The majority of these shell-tempered ceramics are from pit features in the southern portion of the Meskwaki village. The extent of Meskwaki intrusion into these older features is not fully known, but preliminary analysis suggests fairly intact features.

10:00 Robert J. Jeske, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Oneota in the Lake Koshkonong Region of Southern Wisconsin
Abstract: Excavations at the Crescent Bay Hunt Club site shed new light on Oneota subsistence, settlement, ceramic, lithic, and mortuary patterns. Over 200 features and post holes have been recovered, including a wigwam-style house, a wall-trench/posthole palisade, three burials, numerous food storage pits, wild rice threshing facilities and posthole structures. Eight radiocarbon dates place the occupation of the site at A.D. 1300. Ceramics are Developmental Oneota wares, and assemblages of lithic, copper, and bone tools have been recovered. An interpretation of the site and its place in the Oneota world is presented.

10:15 Break

10:30 Dale R. Henning
Gottschall Speaks: Some Contributions To Study Of The Oneota Tradition
Abstract: Robert Salzer's research program at the Gottschall Rockshelter has produced valuable information for all students of Midwestern archeology and offers data of inestimable value to students of Oneota archeology. The Gottschall work affords us unplumbed opportunities to evaluate and expand our perceptions of Oneota beginnings, evolution, interactions, and belief systems found among a number of tribes at the contact period. A few ideas about the Oneota tradition and some effects of the Gottschall investigations on future Oneota research are offered.

10:45 Heather A. Petty, Northern Illinois University
The Human Bone from the Gottschall Rockshelter
Abstract: The human bone from the Gottschall Rockshelter continues the "Archaeological Mystery". As should be expected with non-residential activity there are no distinct primary grave sites. However, there is a substantial amount of fragmentary cranial material that has been excavated from within the rockshelter, as well as several dental remains and isolated post cranial members. The location of this material within the shelter and its placement within existing temporal frameworks raises interesting questions about human behavior at the site. This paper will examine and discuss in brief the implications of the human bone collected from the Gottschall site since 1987.

11:00 Aaron Naumann, Michigan State University
Knapping out identity, revisiting the concept of socially conditioned preferences concerning stone tool production in southern Wisconsin
Abstract: The collections of small triangular points from the Gottschall Rockshelter and those from the Barrett collection housed at the Milwaukee Public Museum display obvious differences. Two standard random samples taken from these collections indicated different percentages of raw material type, maximum thickness and blade shape/basal shape correlations. These differences spark several questions relating to time breadth, local materials, the producer’s ability, site function, and tool life. Yet, the potential of these differences relating to a broader general prehistoric preference ingrained through the processes of socialization is one that likewise needs consideration.

11:15 Daniel Williams, Beloit College
Constructing an Archaeological Database for Analysis and Spatial Representation of Artifacts from the Gottschall Site (47IA80)
Abstract: With the ability to quickly manipulate vast quantities of information, databases enable the archaeologist to make better-informed decisions in the field and in the lab. However, their benefit to archaeology is only realized when specific goals and the needs of a particular site are understood. Creation of an artifact database during the 2001 field season at the Gottschall Rockshelter (47IA80) provides a supporting example. Use of the database resulted in conclusive evidence supporting the theory of a bird effigy mound existing inside the rockshelter and helped to direct and refine strategy during the following field season.

11:30 Lunch Break

1:00 Grant Shimer and Cynthia Haley, Beloit College
A Preliminary Distributional Analysis of Waste Flakes from the Gottschall Rockshelter (47IA80)
Abstract: The preliminary distributional analysis of waste flakes from the Gottschall Rockshelter has yielded significant results in respect to the archaeological understanding of Effigy Mound Culture. Dr. Robert Salzer has previously suggested the presence of a bird effigy within the rockshelter and the distributional data supports this theory. The horizontal distribution of debitage defines two major concentrations of flakes that correlate to the approximate location where the proposed bird¡¦s body meets its wings. The recognition of this bird mound along with the identification of the anatomical placing of artifacts has important implications for the future excavation of Effigy Mound Culture sites.

1:15 William Green, Logan Museum of Anthropology, Beloit College
Fur Trade Economics and Cultural Interaction at Iowaville, 1770-1810
Abstract: Iowaville, a principal village of the Ioway people, was founded ca. 1770 mid-way between St. Louis and Prairie du Chien. Archaeological evidence shows the Ioways focused much effort on deer hunting and hide export, made extensive use of English firearms and other European goods, and used pipes of red pipestone and of grey-green pipestone from near Sterling (northern Illinois). Used in ceremonies and to cement alliances, pipes reflect complex social relations among various Indian groups and between Indians and non-Indians. At Iowaville as elsewhere, French-Indian Creole (“mixed-blood”) families, enterprises, and networks shaped fur trade era social and economic relations.

1:30 Dean H. Knight, Wilfrid Laurier University
Settlement Patterns at the Ball Site: An Early 17th Century Huron Village
Abstract: Twenty-five seasons of excavations completely exposed the remains of an 8.5 acre Huron Village. This work revealed the presence of 71 structures, two palisades, numerous middens as well as thousands of artifacts. Evidence confirming the village expansion was not discovered until year 16 of the project. This paper argues for the need of long term commitment with almost total excavation in order to view and interpret the settlement patterns of similar large complex villages.

1:45 Carol I. Mason, Lawrence University
" Jesuit Rings, Jesuits, and Chronology"
Abstract: Chronologies based on Jesuit rings depend on an evolutionary sequence tied first to the presence of Jesuit missionaries and subsequently to secular sources. If rings are uncoupled from Jesuits and their variation sought in causes other than the presence or absence of missionaries, using them for chronological purposes becomes less plausible.

2:00 Break

2:15 Elizabeth D. Benchley, University of West Florida
Bob Salzer's Legacies
Abstract: Bob Salzer's early years at Beloit College included teaching annual 15 week summer field schools in Northern Wisconsin, and later at the Cahokia Site in west-central Illinois. Many of Salzer's students from those years, including the present author, went on to become professional archaeologists and anthropologists. This paper will review the goals of those field schools, discuss the participants, and evaluate Salzer's impact on the discipline through his student legacies.

2:30 Discussant: John Kelly

2:45 Discussant: Lynn Goldstein

3:00 Break

3:15 – 5:00 POSTERS
Campbell, Amanda and Michael Nassaney (Western Michigan University)
Ramptown: a 19th Century Fugitive Slave Settlement in Southwest Michigan
Abstract: A concentrated population of Quakers and free Blacks in 19th century southwest Michigan attracted a settlement of fugitive slaves that came to be known as Ramptown. Oral accounts and documentary evidence provide support for Ramptown, although agricultural activities destroyed its last standing structures more than a century ago. A recent archaeological survey was conducted to identify physical traces of the settlement. The survey located and documented a dozen dispersed scatters of mid-19th century ceramics and other domestic debris. Only four of these sites appear as documented farmsteads suggesting that the others represent the remains of the fugitive slave settlement.

Gage, Katie L., Leigh Anne Riley, Richard N.Maxson, and Paul J. Pacheco, SUNY College at Geneseo
A Spatio-functional Analysis of Ohio Hopewell Bladelets: the Specialized Camp at Murphy IV (33Li233)
Abstract: In this poster we examine the spatial and functional variability of a surface collection sample of 223 Ohio Hopewell bladelets and 57 bladelet core/core fragments. These artifacts were collected from a 4 ha area designated the South Block of the Murphy IV site (33Li233), Licking County, Ohio. The analysis includes use of spatial distributions, stereoscope examination of use-wear patterns, and limited use of the SEM. A case is made for the existence of a specialized camp in which Ohio Hopewell craft specialists both made and used bladelets. Acceptance of the idea that Hopewellian people conducted formal craft specialized activities is supported by the analysis.

Horton, George
Comparing Masks
Abstract: A comparison of two very important Amerindian shamanic art pieces. The first, is the Charles Willoughby mask, a incised drawing on a bone, excavated from the HOPEWELL SITE, RossCo. Ohio 1891. The second mask, is the golden breastplate mask excavated by Professor Alfonso Caso in Oaxaca, Mexico 1932. My hope and goal, is to show that there could be a possible link betwen these two masks. I feel it is very possible, they could depict the same deity of the Western Underworld, a deity that is still very much a part of traditional contemporary Woodland religion (Wm Jones ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE FOX INDIANS). Some Mesoamerican Indian religions, also have a deity of the western spirit world.

Kaehler, Gretchen (ORISE, Fort McCoy) and Megan Curtes (ORISE, Fort McCoy)
Historical Archaeology on Military Lands: Is that a Privy or a Foxhole?
Abstract: Fort McCoy is a 60,000 acre military installation located in Monroe County, Wisconsin. During 2002 Phase II investigations of 19th century historic homesteads, it was found that the landscape of these sites had been altered through military use and training. Possible historic features at some sites proved to be of military origin while at other sites stratigraphy was created by military earth-moving and filling activities. This study examines some of the dilemmas faced in doing historic archaeology on military lands and how such investigations reveal not only the history of settlement and agricultural in Wisconsin but of the US Army as well.

Murphy, Harry, Martin University
The Next Step Archaeology Project
Abstract:The goal of the educational component of the Next Step Archaeology Project is to provide Indianapolis high school students the experience and skills needed to achieve success in college. Archaeology is used as a means to stimulate students' interest in the sciences. Conducting successful research provides for the student a product, the research paper, that enhances their competitive advantage in college. In concert with Fort Harrison State Park, the Indiana Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology, and other Indiana research and education institutions, this project contributes to the students' understanding of our shared past.

Rivers, Derek; Sasso, Robert F.; Wilder, Michelle; and Wiegert, Adrienne (University of Wisconsin-Parkside)
Mapping Early Nineteenth Century Potawatomi Settlement and Land Use in Southeastern Wisconsin
Abstract: Research over the past decade has produced data on well over two hundred sites attributable to the Potawatomi across a seven-county area of southeastern Wisconsin. The archaeological and historical literature indicate a variety of primarily early nineteenth century sites including habitation, ceremonial, agricultural, extractive, mortuary, and other sites. This research also has yielded extensive information regarding trails and associated features such as fords and supposed trail marker trees. The distribution of these sites is presented in a series of maps produced for each category. Taken together, these reflect an extensive and diverse pattern of settlement and land use.

Ruhl, Katharine C., Cleveland Museum of Natural History
Hopewell Copper Ear Spools
Abstract: Bicymbal copper ear spools are widely distributed within the Eastern Woodlands in ceremonial contexts. Since their stylistic norms transcend regional boundaries, a seriation of ear spools allows relative chronological ordering of Hopewell sites within and across drainages and regions. Two ear spools from Bedford Mound 4 in Illinois are among the most spectacular examples. Regional variation is observed in the specific locations of ear spools in ceremonial contexts and the numbers "consumed" during ceremonial activities. Technical details of fabrication also vary in time and space. A metallographic investigation of an artifact from the Turner site reveals some of these techniques.

Simpson, Jenny M., National Park Service
Title to be announced
Abstract: In the midst of the peaks and ridges of the Great Smoky Mountains, there is a small plain known as Cades Cove. Until the early 1800’s, Cades Cove was owned by the Cherokee Indians and their prehistoric predecessors. In 1821, white settlers began buying large tracts of land forming the town of Cades Cove. Through historic documentation, much is known about the town and the lives of settlers in Cades Cove. But what is known about the prehistoric inhabitants? The Missionary Baptist Church Site on Hyatt Lane tells the story of both the historic and prehistoric people of Cades Cove.

Snyder, David and Manson, Joni, Ohio Historic Preservation Office
Archaeological Programs of the Ohio Historic Preservation Office
Abstract: The Ohio Historic Preservation Office offers technical assistance and educational programs, maintains the Ohio Archaeological Inventory, and consults with state and federal agencies to consider effects of undertakings on important archaeological sites. The archaeological programs of the Ohio Historic Preservation Office assist in preserving significant archaeological sites and provide information for ongoing scholarly research on Ohio's rich archaeological record.

Cleveland Room
Symposium: The Next Step Education through Archaeology Project: Investigations at 12MA648, Marion County, Indiana
Steve Wolverton and Chris Glidden, Organizers
Martin University
Abstract: Summer 2002 at 12Ma648 is the summation of four Next Step Education through Archaeology Project (NSEAP) field seasons undertaken by Martin University dating back to 1999. The site is on a rise to the northwest of Fall Creek in the northwest corner of Fort Harrison State Park, which is located just outside of Indianapolis, Indiana. The original intent in 1999 was to surface collect all visible artifacts from summer surface-collection areas. By 2002 a large sample that covers 100 percent of the visible site (from the surface) has been generated. This is to an analytical advantage in that a great deal is known concerning the sample area with very little excavation or damage to the subsurface portion of the site. The NSEAP sample illustrates the utility of surface-collection data with little corresponding subsurface data; for example, site function, chronology, artifact distributions, and other variables are assessed using surface data. To date artifacts from several prehistoric periods have been collected; however, the assemblage extracted from the historic component of the site provides most of the archaeological sample. Papers in this symposium use data generated from the 12Ma648 archaeological sample to evaluate local, regional, and methodological research questions.

8:00 Harry Murphy, Martin University
An Overview and Historic Perspective on the Next Step Education through Archaeology Project
Abstract: Summer 2002 was the fourth field season for the Martin University Next Step Archaeology Project. The project’s framework is based on a 40 year history of proven educational programs within the field of archaeology. Educators in archaeology have come to recognize the value of an archaeological education as a tool for improving academic skills and leading students into the sciences. This project has demonstrated that students can gain an array of academic skills as they make a contribution to our shared past.

8:15 Chris Glidden and Daniel Gainer, Martin University
The Pit at 12Ma648
Abstract: The excavation, interpretation, and analysis of a large, unusual pit feature at site 12Ma648 is discussed. Comparisons with wells, cisterns, privies, and other know historical pit features are made, and at the function of this pit remains a mystery. Three different abandonment and fill episode appear to have occurred in this feature; preliminary terminus post quem of A.D. 1856 has been made based on a gentlemen’s pictorial, historical flask. Other artifacts appear to reinforce this date, and relate the pit to the site as a whole, which is discussed within.

8:30 David Stinson, Paul Craig, and Corrine Buckner, Martin University
The Relationship Between Surface and Subsurface Collections in Trench 1 at 12Ma648, Marion County, Indiana.”
Abstract: Between 1999 and 2002 in excess of 3700 units were surface collected at site 12Ma648. During the surface collections many architectural artifacts were recovered suggesting that a structure was present in the past. However, written records are sketchy as to what type of structure might have been built in the vicinity of the site, and there is no record of where the structure, if any, was located. During the 2000 field season a feature (Feature 1) was discovered and subsequently excavated. At present, the function of the pit is still in question. It was first hypothesized that the pit represented the remains of a privy, which now appears unlikely. Other explanations of the pit’s function have been offered; it is thought that the feature might be a well or a cistern. However, neither explanation is acceptable because the location of the feature is not suitable for a well, and the stratigraphy of the pit does not indicate the presence of a well or cistern. Further, the relationship between artifacts recovered during surface collection and those recovered from the pit feature is unclear. In an effort to define this relationship, an exploratory trench (Trench 1) was excavated from the pit feature across an area of high-artifact concentration. This was done in an attempt to find other features such as post molds, to identify some relationship between the pit feature and the area of artifact concentration, and to determine the function of the pit.

8:45 Jeremy Freeman, Trina Brown, and Muhammed Saahir, , Martin University
Analysis of Historic Artifact Distributions from Trench 1 in Relation to Feature 1 at 12Ma648, Marion County, Indiana
Abstract: Trench 1 was excavated during the 2002 NSEAP field season. Preliminary analysis of artifacts from the trench suggests that brick density and size increases toward the east, which is in the general direction of the pit feature (Feature 1). The artifact composition of the units within the trench potentially offer insight in to the function of Feature 1; data from the trench sample is used here to relate the subsurface of 12Ma648 to Feature 1.

9:00 Genesis Snyder, TaShawna Bell, and Brittany Reed, , Martin University
Refined and Unrefined Ware in Feature 1 and on the Surface of Site 12Ma648: A Comparison
Abstract: According to the 2001 12Ma648 site report, the ceramic assemblage collected from Feature 1 is similar to the ceramic assemblage surface collected during the 1999, 2000, and 2001 field seasons. One difference between the samples is that the assemblage from the feature has a higher ratio of refined to unrefined ware than that from the surface assemblage. Here data generated from the 2002 surface-collection sample are added to the extant surface sample; these are compared to the feature ceramic assemblage to further assess the relationship between refined and unrefined ware in both assemblages.

9:15 Carrie Kissel and Shannon Westfield, , Martin University
An Evaluation of Modes of Deposition of Prehistoric and Historic Artifacts at Site 12Ma648
Abstract: The Next Step Education through Archaeology Project (NSEAP) has conducted surface collections at site 12Ma648 for the four years. Numerous historic and prehistoric artifacts have been found. The distribution of lithic artifacts is scattered; they do not occur in dense concentrations at 12Ma648. Because the distribution of flakes is scattered and because the majority of the flakes appear to have been the result of retooling (an assumption made here because the flakes are small), 12Ma648 has been called a prehistoric tool manufacture and repair area in past reports. This report seeks to determine if the position of the lithic artifacts is the result of primary or secondary deposition by comparison to the positions of such historical artifacts as brick and glass.

9:30 Steve Wolverton, Ezekial Love, and Edward Cole, , Martin University
The Distribution of Prehistoric and Historic Artifacts at 12Ma648: An Evaluation of Site Integrity and Function
Abstract: The distribution of lithics and ceramics at site 12MA648 are observed to determine whether or not the distribution of historic and prehistoric artifacts was determined by historic bulldozing. If dense concentrations of lithics occur with dense concentrations of ceramics it means that prehistoric and historic artifacts were deposited together, probably because of bulldozing. If we find that the site was bulldozed then we must reconsider our interpretations about site prehistoric and historic functions. The distribution of two types of historic material (construction debris and domestic debris) are also observed in order to address site function.

9:45 Break

10:00 Dennis Thomas, Carson Margedant, and Aylyssah Willis, Martin University
Experimental Firing of Brick to Assess Construction Materials at 12Ma648, Marion County, Indiana
Abstract: Previous research states that the distribution of brick at 12Ma648 is uneven and more concentrated in some areas than others. It is clear that brick collected from the site is too small of an amount to represent substantial architecture; however, perhaps the brick came from a chimney. Chimney brick has a few distinct characteristics because of firing during its use; the surface of the heated brick eventually becomes glazed. Prior to glazing, the brick is softened from its original texture; after substantial use, chimney brick thus takes on three textures within each brick. The interior facing the fire is glazed, the exterior retains its original hard texture, and the middle of the brick remains softened from the heat; each brick is soft, hard, and glazed. Now, a potentially confusing set of variables is that perhaps three textures of bricks were used at the site; that is, perhaps three types of brick (three manufactured textures) were used at 12Ma648. In order to test whether or not three textures can develop in one brick, as postulated, an experiment was framed; a hard-textured brick was experimentally fired and the resulting textures examined.

10:15 Michele Greenan, Martin University
Why smoke these pipes? A study of the pipes from site 12Ma648, Lawrence Township, Indiana
Abstract: During the 1995 and 1999 through 2001 field investigations, a minimum of 8 pipes have been found at site 12Ma648, Lawrence Township, Indiana. These pipes were manufactured at a kiln located in Clermont County, Ohio. During the mid 19th century, this kiln operated amidst a climate of competing potters and pipe makers, particularly from Summit County, Ohio. However, the settlers at site 12Ma648 clearly used those from Point Pleasant more than any other. Was their choice based primarily on the fact that they were very inexpensive, or were availability and preference also key factors? Through reviewing records concerning the Point Pleasant kiln and mercantiles in Lawrence Township, Indiana, pipes may be used as a vehicle to better understand the economic situation of the settlers in Lawrence Township, Indiana.

10:30 Cathy Draeger and Jermaine Willis, Martin University
An Evaluation of Phase 1 Methods: a Comparison of Walk-through Survey and Intense Surface Collection at 12Ma648, Marion County, Indiana
Abstract: Many archaeological methods exist to find the location and the extent of sites. Walk-through survey is one such method, and it looks at a percentage of a site’s surface area. But by surveying only a percentage of the surface area, it is likely that visible artifacts are missed. This paper explains the process of walk-through survey and tests its reliability through quantitative comparative analysis to intense surface collection of a portion of site 12Ma648. During the surface collection, 100 percent of visible artifacts from a 10 x 30 m grid were collected, and during the walk-through survey, only a portion of the 10 x 30 m was examined during which the presence and frequency of visible artifacts were recorded.

10:45 Norma West and Brittani Spaulding, Martin University
Assessing the Origins of Flat Glass at Site 12Ma648
Abstract: This project attempted to calculate the estimated amount of flat glass present on site 12Ma648. The calculated mean date of flat glass (A.D. 1820) was figured at 25 years older than the ceramic mean date for the site. The 2001 historic investigations suggested that the first settlers to the area in 1820 may have brought enough glass with them for a temporary structure. The objective of this research is to determine if there is sufficient glass present at the site to help confirm the presence of windows in a potential structure at the site.

11:00 Mandy Terkhorn, Apryl Huffman, Samuel Gainer, and Iman AbdulRaheem, Martin University
The Next Step Education through Archaeology Project: An Educational Assessment
Abstract: For the past four years the Next Step Education through Archaeology Project (NSEAP) has researched site 12Ma648 at Fort Harrison State Park, Indiana. An integral part of this project is the involvement of local high-school youth in science and education through archaeology. In order to evaluate the effects of NSEAP on local youth this project has been undertaken to provide a critical assessment of the program. This is accomplished primarily through interview with students, NSEAP staff, volunteers, and local park officials. Information from these interviews is used to make recommendations concerning future NSEAP endeavors.

11:15 Rick Jones, Indiana Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology – Discussion

11:30 Harry Murphy, Martin University – Discussion

11:45 Teresa Putty, Ball State University – Discussion

12:00 Lunch Break

Late Prehistoric Contributed Papers
1:30 Chrisie L. Hunter, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Subsistence and Environmental Differences of Two Upper Mississippian Traditions
Abstract: Vegetation catchment analysis and faunal and floral analysis was conducted on two contemporaneous Upper Mississippian groups located on the edge of the Prairie Peninsula. The Crescent Bay Hunt Club site, a Developmental Horizon Oneota site in southeastern Wisconsin and Washington Irving, a Langford Tradition site located in northern Illinois, were examined. The analyses provided insight into prehistoric environmental and resource utilization by the two populations, and indicate that distinctly different environmental composition and exploitation strategies were utilized.

1:45 Jodie O’Gorman, Michigan State University
Moccasin Bluff and the Woodland Cultures of Southwestern Michigan Revisited
Abstract: Bettarel and Smith’s report on the University of Michigan’s 1948 excavation at the Moccasin Bluff site has served as an important primary source of archaeological information about Woodland cultures in the Great Lakes. In the summer of 2002 Michigan State University initiated a research program in the region and revisited Moccasin Bluff with the goal of clarifying the site’s spatial and temporal scope. This paper summarizes our initial excavations at the Moccasin Bluff site and outlines the larger research goals of better understanding the shifts in subsistence, landscape, and ideology of Native American life in the centuries immediately prior to contact with Europeans.

2:00 Howey, Meghan L., and John O'Shea, University of Michigan
Thinking Outside the Circle: New Research at Michigan's Missaukee Earthworks
Abstract: The Missaukee earthworks (20MA11-12) is a late prehistoric site (ca. AD
1350) consisting of two large circular earthen enclosures. It is located in north central Michigan near Houghton and Higgins Lakes and the headwaters of the Muskegon River. Recent work at the site has focused on areas outside the enclosures, instead of on the enclosures themselves. Rather than serving as a place of occupation, the recent testing program suggests that the earthworks, along with nearby mounds and clusters of cache pits, actually constitute a coherent ritual precinct. The character of the precinct and its layout are discussed.

2:15 Andrew A. White and Robert G. McCullough, Indiana University - Purdue University
Construction, Use, and Deterioration of two Late Prehistoric Earthen Enclosures in Indiana
Abstract: Excavations at the Late Prehistoric Strawtown and Scranage enclosures in central and northeastern Indiana produced information about the construction, use, and deterioration of the enclosure structures. Deposits associated with the ditch and embankment at Strawtown suggest that erosion and slump have markedly transformed the morphology of these structures, widening and filling the ditch and lowering and " spreading" the embankment. Similar transformations are apparent at Scranage, a smaller enclosure with an ephemeral single component occupation. An understanding of the natural processes acting on these structures must precede larger considerations of site chronology, function, and cultural dynamics.

2:30 Cheryl Ann Munson, Indiana University Sean P. Dougherty, Indiana University, and Lorena M. Havill, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research
Mitigative Investigations at the "Mouth or the Wabash" Murphy Site (12 Po 1), Posey County, Indiana
Abstract: Mitigative investigations (1997-99) at the Murphy site (12 Po 1) resulted from construction impacts and were required by state laws. Excavations identified two Mississippian Caborn-Welborn phase cemeteries, the likely locale of one of W.K. Moorehead's 1898-excavated cemeteries, and isolated interments. Two cemeteries show repeated interments over time, burial in parallel rows, individuals of all ages and both sexes, and abundant grave goods. Trauma indicative of interpersonal violence is unusually high and includes lesions similar to those found on survivors of scalping. Comparison of these results with other data helps to characterize the health and mortuary practices of the Murphy site population.

2:45 Break

Cahokia Area Contributed Papers

3:15 Gina Powell, Southwest Missouri State University
The New Whiteside School Project and the Lehman-Sommers site: an Early Mississippian village in the uplands southeast of Cahokia
Abstract: During 2000 investigations for a school resulted in the location of a Mississippian site in the uplands southeast of Cahokia. Subsequent testing resulted in the identification of structures and pits indicative of a possible Mississippian. Although attempts were made to preserve the site, ultimately it was necessary to mitigate the impact. This paper discusses the results of these excavations.

3:30 Robin Machiran, CMVARI
The Ceramic Assemblage at the Lehman-Sommers Site
Abstract: In 2000 excavations were conducted at the Lehman-Sommers site, an upland village in Eastern Illinois. The over 1000 ceramic rims recovered from the Lehman-Sommers site reflects a late Lohman to Sterling Phase association. The assemblage contains a variety of ceramic types ranging from fine wares to vessels of everyday use. The ceramics recovered shows strong affiliation with the assemblage at Cahokia and other contemporary sites. This paper discusses the diversity of the ceramics and examines the spatial patterns of vessel categories.

3:45 Larry Kinsella, Cahokia Archaeological Society
The Lithic Assemblage from the Lehman-Sommers site and its significance for understanding early Mississippian lithic procurement and use especially the Cahokia Microlithic Industry
Abstract: Over 9000 lithic items were recovered from the Lehman-Sommers site, an early Mississippian village southeast of Cahokia. While some lithic resources were available in the uplands surrounding this site, most of the chert resources were obtained from sources some distance from the site. This paper examines these resources and the recovery of over 800 microdrills, microblades, and microcores from the Cahokia microlithic industry. Of particular importance is the methods employed in the production of the drills and the experimental work recently conducted.

4:00 John E. Kelly, Washington University
The Lehman-Sommers site: Implications of Settlement Organization and Process
Abstract: The recent excavations of an early Mississippian site in the uplands southeast of Cahokia has provided new insights into the organizational structure of a village and detached farmstead and their relationship to Cahokia and other nearby communities. This paper examines the village's configuration, the intrasite distribution of activities, and associated social units. This information has a significant bearing on the debate regarding Cahokia's domination and its interaction with outlying populations. The
discussion of these new data will focus on the aforementioned processes and the extent to which this site serves to amplify the complexity of any consideration of Cahokia and its relationship to its neighbors.

4:15 Kathryn E. Parker, Great Lakes Ecosystems, Indian River, MI
The Role of Plants in Lehmann-Sommers Economic and Social Life
Abstract: Occupation at the interior upland Lehmann-Sommers site began early in the Mississippian period, consisting of a village with about 30 dwellings and other types of structures, including a large T-shaped ceremonial structure. A separate farmstead or small hamlet was located approximately 70 meters away. Archaeobotanical materials from the site yielded abundant remains of maize and other wild and cultivated resources, reflecting the wealth of plants that Lohmann phase people used daily for food, fuel, technology and ceremony. Like the presence of special buildings, and unique ceramic and lithic artifacts, some aspects of the macrobotanical assemblage, such as red cedar wood, indicate participation of this upland community in a Cahokia-centered economic, religious and political network.

4:30 Mary R. Vermilion, University of Illinois at Chicago
In Search of . . . Ramey Knives
Abstract: Using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy dispersive spectra (EDS), microscopic patches of color found on two Ramey knives buried in a wall trench from the Loyd site, a Mississippian homestead, were recently identified. The pigments were applied as mirror images. In the process of researching pigments and other attributes of these intriguing artifacts, a data base of information has been compiled on Ramey knife finds throughout the American Bottom. A statistical program is used in an attempt to demonstrate patterns and correlations between context, phase, heat treatment, polish, edge wear, chert type, and pigment.

4:45 Kathleen Stahlman, CMVARI
Archaeological Investigations of the Sugarloaf Mound Complex in Madison County, Illinois
Abstract: The Sugarloaf Mound on the bluffs of the Mississippi Valley, northeast of Cahokia mounds, is a prominent landmark and one of three mounds so designated in the St. Louis region. Of particlular interest is this mounds incorporation as part of an earthwork comprising a possible bird effigy. Recent efforts to preserve this unique feature have been successful with its purchase by the State of Illinois. This paper summarizes the archaeological investigations of the area surrounding this unique earth monument.

Toledo Room
Middle Woodland Contributed Papers
8:00 Scott J. Troy, Youngstown State University
Hopewell Lithics from the Gartner Village and Mound (33Ro19), Ross County, Ohio: The Gerald Parker Collection
Abstract: Gartner Village and Mound (33Ro19) situated along the eastern bluff margin of the Scioto River, in Ross County, Ohio, is best known from the literature as an early Fort Ancient village site. Upon closer examination of diagnostic lithic artifacts in the Gerald Parker Collection, a Middle Woodland Hopewell component is established. This cultural component along with others present, contribute to the site`s "significance." A discussion of the site`s nomination to the National Register of Historic Places will also be presented.

8:15 Jeffrey W. Weinberger, ASC Group, Inc., Columbus, Ohio
Hopewell On The Hocking? Old Behaviors and New Discoveries in Fairfield County, Ohio.
Abstract: The resurgence of literature on Middle Woodland Hopewell activities focuses on a number of surrounding locations and river valleys within Ohio. However, information on the Upper Hocking River drainage in Fairfield County has been relatively scarce. This lack of data raises intriguing questions. Did the participants in the Hopewell phenomenon bypass the upper Hocking River or is it a relative lack of contemporary fieldwork that has kept the Hopewell out of the Hocking? Using Ohio Archaeological Inventory information and data recovered during the Lancaster Bypass Project, this presentation examines these questions and suggests possible avenues of further research.

8:30 Michael D. Richmond and Jonathan P. Kerr
Archaeological Investigations at 15Mm137: Evidence for Middle Woodland Ritualism in the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky
Abstract: Phase II archaeological investigations at site 15Mm137 in Montgomery County, Kentucky documented a Middle Woodland component marked by a Connestee Series tetrapodal vessel, copper ear spools and a possible circular structure. The artifact content, site structure and radiometric data from the site are described and compared to contemporaneous sites in the immediate vicinity and region at large. Based on these comparisons, it is argued the site fulfilled a ritual function with probable Hopewellian influence. The project was conducted at the request of the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet as part of the US 460 realignment from Camargo to Jeffersonville, Kentucky.

8:45 Steve Mocas
Middle Woodland in the Falls of the Ohio Area
Abstract: The Knob Creek Site, 12Hr484, in southern Indiana, near the Falls of the Ohio River, contained a sizable Middle Woodland component with abundant Falls Plain pottery, hundreds of Snyders and Saratoga projectile points, and structural remains. This presentation illustrates the variation in rim, base, and vessel forms, emphasizing affinities to ceramic groups to the east, particularly Adena Plain from the Bluegrass region of Kentucky. Projectile point associations are clarified, and seven radiocarbon dates provide badly needed absolute dating for the Middle Woodland of the Falls of the Ohio area.

9:00 Kent D. Vickery, University of Cincinnati, Ted S. Sunderhaus, and Ben L. Ford
New Data from the Hopewell Turner and Milford Earthwork Complexes in Southwestern Ohio
Abstract: The sources of origin of flint artifacts and debitage from two nearly totally destroyed Hopewell earthwork complexes in southwestern OhioTurner (33Ha41) and Milford (33Ct5)are compared with respect to each other and to the flint raw material assemblages of other Hopewell sites in the Little Miami, Great Miami, and Scioto River Valleys. Present in these assemblages is non-local flint from various regions of the Midwest, Midsouth, and Northeast. Also summarized are the cultural and biological contents of a sample of midden soil from near a large earthwork that was part of the Turner complex.

9:15 Break

9:30 William L. Mangold, Indiana Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology
The Tale of the Bird: The Avian Design Motifs of Hopewellian Ceramics
Abstract: Hopewellian art and design are replete with hauntingly natural depictions or Picasso-like abstractions of the wildlife of their times. One of the most widely occurring motifs is that of avian characters found incised on ceramic vessels. An on-going study of these images in the central Midwest provides new insights into the use of these elements. the birds they may represent and implications of possible mythology/cosmology.

9:45 Matt Coon, Purdue University
Variations in Ohio Hopewell Political Economy
Abstract: An examination of art and of ceremonial behaviors at three major Ohio Hopewell ceremonial centers suggests that different political economic strategies were being employed in different areas. Hopewell and Seip, in south-central Ohio, show evidence of exclusionary strategies, in which political prominence is sought by monopolistically controlling potential sources of power. In contrast, the Turner site in
southwestern Ohio seems to exemplify a more corporate strategy, wherein a cognitive code is promoted that restricts the pursuit of exclusionary power. It is suggested that these sites may represent broader cultural trends in southwestern and south-central Ohio
Hopewell.

10:00 Martin Byers, McGill University
The Turner-Hopewell Axis: Exploring Interaction through Embankment Form and Mortuary Patterning
Abstract: It will be argued that the mortuary and earthwork practices of the groups responsible for the Turner and Hopewell sites constituted the latter as more closely related to former than it was to its near neighbours of Seip, Liberty Works and Mound City, thereby defining what will be termed the Turner-Hopewell axis, a sub-regional ritual sphere that sustained an arm's length relation with the ritual groups making up the central Scioto region, e.g., High Banks, Liberty Works, Seip, and Mound City and that, in turn, these sustained a Chillicothe-Newark social axis that was the complement of the Turner-Hopewell axis.

10:15 Rick Zurel, Schoolcraft College
Signature Theory and the Meaning of Hopewell Icons
Abstract: Signature Theory applies archaeological, ethnological, and natural evidence to produce testable models of symbolic systems of belief. It is founded upon the old premise that supernatural powers are manifestly self-evident in the “signature” characteristics of natural phenomena and that representations of nature are themselves sources of power and meaning. We can rediscover these self-evident natural symbols through careful observation of nature and thus reasonably attribute meaning to imagery produced by nature-based religious systems. A tentative Signature Theory analysis of Hopewell icons provides a heuristic model of the Hopewell worldview.

10:30 Break

10:45 Christopher Tuner
A Probabilistic Analysis of Calendrical Sightlines at the Hopeton Earthworks, Ross Co., Ohio
Abstract: Last March, here in Columbus at a conference sponsored by the Ohio Historical Society, Colgate University's Anthony Aveni presented an overview on Hopewell archaeoastronomy. In suggesting directions for future studies, Aveni made note of the need for statistical probability analyses, which have been lacking in such Ohio earthwork research. This paper is presented in response to his directive. In 1983, I analyzed the century-old Bureau of Ethnology survey data of the Hopeton earthworks for calendrical sightlines. Problems concerning the reduction of these data, the framing of the associated probability analysis, and the results, are described and discussed.

11:00 James A. Marshall
Facts that indicate that Hopewell people had drawings on paper of their works
Abstract: This researcher has surveyed and mapped more than 230 prehistoric constructions in Eastern North America. He will show that 5 works, Seip, Baum, Liberty, and High Bank in Ross County and Newark in Licking County, Ohio are of such complexity in their geometrics and layout that Hopewell people had to have had records on paper of each of these and other works. There are more than 18 species of plants in the Midwest from which paper could have been made, some of it transparent. One such species is the cattail.

11:15 Amanda J. Thompson and Kathryn A. Jakes, Ohio State University
Comparison Of Dyed And Charred Fibers With Infrared Spectroscopy
Abstract: Many textiles recovered from Hopewell sites are black and charred, due to their association with cremations. In this study, charred and uncharred milkweed fibers dyed with sumac and bedstraw and mordanted with potassium carbonate or iron oxide, were examined. IR absorbance peaks in the spectra of uncharred fibers were absent in the spectra of charred fibers. Dyed fibers, whether charred or uncharred, displayed specific absorbance peaks that can be attributed to the dyes. Thus IR bands may serve as indicators of sumac and/or bedstraw dyes on fibers, and their persistence in the fiber structure even after charring indicates the potential information held by charred archaeological textiles.

11:30 Christel Baldia and Kathryn A. Jakes, Ohio State University
Colors of the Past
Abstract: Color was an important component of iconography in Eastern North America. Blue, red, black and white were particularly important. Historical records including reports of early travelers to this continent, and later ethnographers', indicate that dye plants were used as a source for color for body paint and on the textiles, and that this industry was well-established before European contact. It also gives clues about which plants were likely sources for these colors.

11:45 Anthony Ruter and Reid Bryson, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Archeoclimatic Simulations for Temperature, Precipitation and Stream Discharge During the Woodland Period in the Ohio Valley
Abstract: Macrophysical Climate models for the Central Ohio valley suggest that the
period coincident wi th the Hopewell florescence was characterized by
slightly shorter cooler summers and a more diffuse spring freshet relative
to the modern period. If the model is correct riparian Hopewell settlements
suffered fewer overbank floods on average than those of the preceding Adena
and the subsequent Late Woodland.

12:00 Lunch Break

Geophysics Contributed Papers
1:30 Mark Lynott, Midwest Archeological Center
Archaeological research at the Hopeton Earthworks, Ross County, Ohio
Abstract: During the 2001 and 2002 field seasons, the Midwest Archeological Center
continued a long-term study aimed at answering three basic questions about the Hopeton Earthworks: when was it built, how was it built, and why was it built? Through a combination of geophysical survey and strategic testing, multidisciplinary study of the resultant data is beginning to produce answers to these questions. Excavation of three trenches through wall segments of the Hopeton square indicates that all were built using
different materials. Strategic testing has exposed pits, burned clay "altars", and numerous post holes, none of which appear to be related to domestic activities.

1:45 John Weymouth, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
Geophysical Exploration of Hopeton Earth works, Ross County, Ohio
Abstract: As part of the continuing study of the Hopewell Culture in Ross County, Ohio individuals from the Midwest Archaeological Center and the Hopewell Culture National Historic Park have been gathering geophysical data on the Hopeton Earthworks. In the 2001 and 2002 three sides of the large Hopeton square as well as most of the interior have been covered with magnetic surveys and part of that with resistance surveys. I will
discuss the clearly visible geophysical signals of the wall line as well as several of the individual anomalies that have resulted in significant features.

2:00 N'omi B. Greber, Cleveland Museum of Natural History and Karen Royce, The Ohio State University
Preliminary Findings of the 2002 Field Season at High Bank Works 33Ro24
Abstract: This season continued examination of wall construction at the Great Circle, High Bank Works, Ross County. Since 1994 various types of geophysical surveys combined with limited ground truth testing have traced the wall and its internal construction. A 2mx18m trench was placed where an extensive anomaly within wall construction was identified by repeated fluxgate gradiometer survey and resistance pseudo-sections. A preliminary summary of comparison of features found beneath and adjacent to the wall and the geophysical maps is presented. Features include a prepared floor, small fence or screen, various covering layers and more than 200 post holes.

2:15 William Lowthert, R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc.
Remote Sensing in Cultural Resource Management Archeology: A Standard Field Methodology
Abstract: For the past few years, R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. has employed geophysical remote sensing investigations as part of Phase I survey, Phase II evaluation, and Phase III data recovery projects throughout the eastern United States. The use of remote sensing as a standard field methodology on CRM projects has helped with the initial identification of cultural features, the delineation of activity areas, and the ultimate determination of eligibility for prehistoric and historic period sites. This paper will present the results from several of these geophysical investigations and discuss the role of remote sensing in CRM archeology.

2:30 REMOTE SENSING FORUM – PANEL DISCUSSION

3:00 REMOTE SENSING DATA DISPLAYS AND INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP

BUS TOUR

9:00 Bus Tour to Newark Earthworks (9:00 A.M. - 2:00 P.M.)

Saturday, Oct. 5, 2002 6:30 – 10:30 P.M (Ramada Plaza Hotel)

Reception, Banquet, and Speaker Brian Fagan (6:30 P.M. - 10:30 P.M.)

Sunday, Oct. 6, 2002 8 A.M. – NOON (Ramada Plaza Hotel)
Columbus Room
Symposium: Recent Research in the Kokosing-Mohican-Walhonding Drainage of Central Ohio
P. Nick Kardulias (College of Wooster) and Nigel R. Brush (Ashland University), Co-Organizers
Abstract: Since 1980, survey and excavation along the Kokosing, Mohican, and Walhonding Rivers have expanded our knowledge of the prehistory of Coshocton and Knox Counties in central Ohio. The region lies in a transitional zone between the Adena/Hopewell/Fort Ancient heartland to the south, and the northern part of the state, with its own cultural efflorescence. The papers discuss the efforts to gather data systematically about prehistoric land use, settlement patterns, exchange systems, ceramic sequences, and acculturation in the region. The authors examine ethnohistoric as well as archaeological material to explore cultural dynamics from the Early Archaic through the Late Prehistoric periods.

8:00 P. Nick Kardulias, College of Wooster, and Nigel R. Brush, Ashland University
Recent Research in the Kokosing-Mohican-Walhonding Drainage of Central Ohio
Abstract: Since 1980, survey and excavation along the Kokosing, Mohican, and Walhonding Rivers have expanded our knowledge of the prehistory of Coshocton and Knox Counties in central Ohio. The region lies in a transitional zone between the Adena/Hopewell/Fort Ancient heartland to the south, and the northern part of the state, with its own cultural efflorescence. The papers discuss the efforts to gather data systematically about prehistoric land use, settlement patterns, exchange systems, ceramic sequences, and acculturation in the region. The authors examine ethnohistoric as well as archaeological material to explore cultural dynamics from the Early Archaic through the Late Prehistoric periods.

8:15 Nigel R. Brush, Ashland University
The Waters Rockshelter: A Ten-Thousand-Year Record of Human Occupation
Abstract: The Waters Rockshelter #2 is located on Bucklew Run and is 2.75 miles northeast of the junction of Killbuck Creek with the Walhonding River in central Coshocton County. The shelter contains a record of prehistoric occupation that begins in the Early Archaic Period and ends in the Mississippian Period. In addition to a large number of flint tools and projectile points, the Waters Rockshelter also contained significant amounts of pottery, including types from the Early Woodland, Late Woodland, and Mississippian Periods. Stone tools and ornaments recovered from the site include an elliptical gorget, a shovel-shaped pendant, and a knobbed crescent.

8:30 James H. Acton, ACS Group
The 1995-2000 Investigations at the Acton site (33KN345) in Eastern Knox County, Ohio
Abstract: Previous reports have examined the excavations and attendant analyses of the Acton Site in Knox County, Ohio. The conclusions therein support the hypothesis that the site was a multi-component (Late Archaic through Late Prehistoric) habitation and lithic processing area. This paper reviews the results of investigations at the site between 1995 and 2000. As one of the few systematically excavated sites in the Kokosing River drainage, the location is critical to our understanding of site function and settlement distribution in this region. The repeated use of the site over seven millennia indicates its environmental viability for both foraging and horticultural societies.

8:45 P. Nick Kardulias, College of Wooster
The Millwood Rockshelter: Intensive Seasonal Site Usage in Eastern Knox County
Abstract: Excavation of the Millwood Rockshelter in the Kokosing River drainage of central Ohio revealed a large assemblage of potsherds and lithics. The potsherds are all grit-tempered cord-marked specimens that date to the Late Woodland period. Petrographic analysis of the potsherds revealed that the grit temper is igneous in origin, yet no such igneous source lies anywhere nearby. The lithics reveal long-term but sporadic occupation. These discoveries raise fundamental questions concerning the degree of residential mobility. The study is the initial step in building a model of variable site usage during a period of settling-in elsewhere in the Midwest.

9:00 James Morton and Michael Hamilton
Protohistoric Ceramics from the Walhonding Valley
Abstract: For the past 25 years, James Morton has been developing a ceramic seriation and cultural scheme for the Late Woodland and Protohistoric Periods in eastern Ohio. A number of ceramic samples in this study were obtained from sites along the Walhonding Valley. Discrete pit features at Protohistoric sites were excavated and radiocarbon dates were obtained for features containing distinctive rimsherds. Ceramic types identified by this work include: Newtownrelated early Late Woodland, Intrusive Moundrelated middle LateWoodland, "Prairie Chapel" late Late Woodland, Cole/Baldwinrelated terminal Late Woodland, Drewlike Monongahela, Philo Fort Ancient, "Belmont" Late Prehistoric, Middle Relatedrelated Late Prehistoric, and Wellsburg Protohistoric.

9:15 Aaron Fuleki, Denison University, Jonathan Vanderplough, University of Cincinnati, P. Nick Kardulias, College of Wooster
GIS Analysis of Settlement in the Lower Kokosing River Basin
Abstract: The Kokosing River Basin Archaeological Survey has identified over 100 sites, while excavation focused on the multi-component Acton Site (33KN345) and Millwood Rockshelter (33KN395). To place these sites in their regional context, we undertook GIS analysis of the potential catchment area within a 10-km radius around the two loci. We examined physiographic features (soil type, elevation, aspect, proximity to water sources, and distance from major chert quarries). The analysis suggests the shift from Archaic foraging to Woodland horticulture did not have a major impact on residential mobility, similar to what some scholars have suggested for other parts of Ohio.

9:30 Break

Symposium: The Marmet Data Recovery Project
Bob Maslowski, Robert F., Organizer
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington
Abstract: The Marmet Lock Replacement Project, located on the
Kanawha River, nine miles above Charleston, West Virginia, required data recovery at six archeological sites in an 18 acre tract at the mouth of Burning Springs. The cultural components at these sites included much of the prehistory and history of the Kanawha Valley from Late Paleo Indian to A. D. 1900. The historic sites included a series of four salt furnaces, the house and graves of the saltmakers and a slave cabin. Prehistoric sites included sealed Early Archaic components, a sealed Late Archaic component with sandstone and steatite bowls, a series of Woodland hamlets and a stockaded Fort Ancient Village (circa AD 1500) with 25 houses. The results of the historic excavations and preliminary results of the prehistoric excavations are discussed.

9:45 Robert F. Maslowski, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington
History of the Marmet Data Recovery Project
Abstract: The archeological component of the Marmet Lock Replacement Project began in 1993 and represents the final phase of survey and data recovery associated with the upgrade of the Kanawha Navigation System. The planning and history of the project are discussed to provide background for the data recovery papers.

10:00 William D. Updike, Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc.
The 19th Century Occupation of the Marmet Lock Replacement Project, Kanawha County, West Virginia: An Overview for the Residential and Industrial Components
Abstract: From 1999 to 2002, Cultural Resource Analysts personnel completed data recovery excavations for four sites associated with salt manufacture in the Kanawha Valley. These sites included the physical plant of two salt works, a possible worker?s habitation area, a double slave cabin, and the furnace owner?s mansion and associated outbuildings. This paper presents information for salt making, industrial slavery, and the Reynolds Family in the Kanawha Valley, followed by archeological interpretations of sites and features associated with this early 19th century industry.

10:15 Alexandra D. Bybee, Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc.
Bioanthropological Investigations of Two Historic Cemeteries for the Marmet Lock Replacement Project in Kanawha County, West Virginia
Abstract: Between the spring of 2001 and winter of 2002, Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc. conducted archeological investigations at two historic cemeteries in Kanawha County, West Virginia. The investigations were conducted at the request of the Huntington District Corps of Engineers for the proposed Marmet Lock Replacement Project. The cemetery at 46KA142 dated from the late 18th century through the first quarter of the 19th century and contained nine graves. The Reynolds Cemetery (46KA349) dated from 1832 to 1900 and contained 31 graves. The two cemeteries provide an opportunity to view trends in the idealization of death throughout the 19th century.

10:30 Michael D. Richmond and Andrew P. Bradbury, Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc.
Lithic Analysis of a Bifurcate Horizon at the Van Bibber Reynolds Site (46KA223), Marmet Lock Replacement Project, Kanawha County, West Virginia
Abstract: Excavations at 46KA223 in Kanawha County, West Virginia documented several buried archeological components. This paper focuses on the analysis of lithic materials from Zones I and II. Both zones were associated with a Bifurcate Base occupation. Data suggest a residential component to the site as indicated by the presence of domestic tools, FCR and hearths. A pattern of a high use of local cherts was documented. A similar pattern of local raw material use has been documented for a number of Bifurcate sites in the Ohio Valley and Southeast. This pattern is discussed along with an examination of how 46KA223 fits in a regional perspective.

10:45 Michael C. Anslinger, Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc.
Preliminary Observations for a Buried Late Archaic Component at the Burning Spring Branch Site (46KA142), Marmet Lock Replacement Project, Kanawha County, West Virginia
Abstract: Data recovery excavations completed by Cultural Resource Analysts at the multicomponent Burning Spring Branch site (46KA142) in Kanawha County, West Virginia, included the investigation of an extensive terminal Archaic component dating to approximately 3000 RCYBP. Associated with a buried soil, the occupation was characterized by a large number of pit features and a high density of thermally altered rock. The apparent association of small notched hafted bifaces and stone bowls suggests the occupation represents a hitherto undefined cultural expression in the Kanawha Valley.

11:00 Michael C. Anslinger, Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc. and Robert F. Maslowski
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington
Preliminary Observations for a Late PrehistoricVillage Occupation at the Burning Spring Branch Site (46KA142), Marmet Lock Replacement Project, Kanawha County, West Virginia
Abstract: This paper provides a summary for investigations of the Late Prehistoric component at the Burning Spring Branch Site (46KA142), Kanawha County, West Virginia. The site was occupied sporadically over a period of at least five millennia, with occupations for both the historic and prehistoric periods being represented. Cultural Resource Analysts conducted a data recovery excavation for the site?s Late Prehistoric component in 2001 and 2002. Data indicate the presence of a village with multiple fortifications and numerous single set post houses. Current information for artifacts, site structure,

11:15 Break

Paleoindian/Archaic Contributed Papers
11:30 Daniel J. Joyce, Kenosha Public Museum
Chronological placement of the Schaefer Mammoth Exploitation Site, Kenosha County, Wisconsin
Abstract: The Schaefer Mammoth site in Kenosha County, Wisconsin is a mammoth
exploitation site excavated in 1992 and 1993. Eighty percent of an adult male mammoth was recovered. The bones contain scoring and lineations that are interpreted as being caused by stone tools. Stone tools from immediately below the pelvis and a distinct, fully disarticulated bone pile also indicate human exploitation. Fourteen standard 14C dates and AMS-XAD Gelatin (KOH Collagen) dates are discussed. Assays were performed on bone and on wood that was intimately associated with the bone pile. Ten of these dates are previously unreported.

11:45 Michael J. Miller, The College of Wooster
A Lithic Reduction Strategy of the Archaic: Manufacturing and Use Traces in the MacCorkle Bifurcate Tradition of Ohio
Abstract: This study of the MacCorkle Bifurcate Tradition combines experimental archaeology, low and high-power microwear analysis, and the examination of archaeological specimens to provide insight into the lithic reduction strategy and use of bifaces during the Archaic Period of Ohio. Experimental MacCorkle bifurcates were produced and utilized as projectile points and hafted knives. Manufacture and use traces found on replicas and artifacts illustrate a lithic reduction strategy employed during the Archaic. Initial analysis suggests that the MacCorkle is useful in showing the spatial distribution of Archaic peoples, as well as explaining the recurrent procurement of specific natural resources.

Cleveland Room

Symposium: New Insights on Michigan Hopewell as Seen from the Converse Site
(20KT2), Grand Rapids, Michigan

James A. Robertson and Michael J. Hambacher, organizers
Commonwealth Cultural Resources Group
Abstract: The Converse Site represents the largest concentration of Hopewellian mounds in Michigan. Although the mounds were destroyed in the mid-nineteenth century, the site was used to define the Converse Phase (AD 200-400) of the Norton Tradition. Recent highway construction identified an associated habitation area buried under historic fill. Excavations provided the first systematically collected data from this site, shedding new light on the age and structure of the occupations. This session will present a series of papers describing the project, results of the analysis, and new insights on the place of the Converse site within Michigan Hopewell.

8:00 John R. Halsey, Michigan Office of the State Archaeologist and C. Stephen Demeter (CCRG)
Mounds Along the Rapids: The Early History and Archaeology of the Converse Mound Group
Abstract: Grand Rapids, Michigan’s Converse Mound group (20KT2) disappeared over a 40 year period. The literature trail for the site is fragmentary. Careful reading, evaluation and integration of all sources are necessary. Its numerous mounds attracted the interest of city surveyor, Wright L. Coffinberry and a local sign painter, Thomas Porter. Porter’s 1889 sketch map of the site not only depicts the locations of the mounds, it also provides the only evidence of the otherwise undocumented “Mound Builders Village” component focal to the S-Curve study. Porter’s excellent pencil sketches document many now-vanished artifacts that identify Converse as Michigan’s preeminent Hopewellian site.

8:15 Ron Yob, Grand River Bands of Ottawa Indians
Archaeology and Tribal Culture History: A Tribal Perspective on the Converse Mounds Archaeological Project
Abstract: Our people, the Grand River Bands of Ottawa, have lived for centuries along the banks of the Grand River in an area known as the City of Grand Rapids in Michigan. So it came as no surprise to us that an archaeological site named the Converse Mounds had been located in the area. Through an early accord between us and several state and federal agencies, however, our Tribal viewpoint has been incorporated throughout the archaeological data recovery project which has served to strengthen extremely important links between today’s living descendants and our Ottawa ancestors.

8:30 G. William Monaghan and Daniel R. Hayes, GeoComp Consultants
The Geoarchaeology of the Converse Site: Discovery, Taphonomy, and Depositional History
Abstract: The Converse site, located adjacent to rapids of the Grand River, occurs in a 50-150 cm thick, archaeological and organic rich alluvium. Buried under 1-4 m of urban fill, it was found and mapped using documentary records, backhoe trenching, and continuous mechanical coring. Subsurface mapping shows the site lies on two Holocene (post 5000 BP) terraces. Based on 14C ages, occupation began prior to 3000 BP, concomitant with rapids formation, and continued until European settlement. At least one erosional period occurred after 2100 BP. Site taphonomy, depositional history and overall position in the Holocene record of the Grand River valley will be discussed.

8:45 Donald J. Weir and Michael J. Hambacher, CCRG
The Archaeological Background of Data Recovery Efforts at the Converse Site (20KT2), Grand Rapids, Michigan
Archival research and test excavations conducted prior to the reconstruction of the US-131 S-Curve Bridge in Grand Rapids, Michigan identified the presence of significant Middle Woodland habitation deposits associated with the former Converse Mound Group. Excavation of approximately 425 m2 of area recovered a large number of artifacts, features, and post molds associated with Late Archaic, Early Woodland, Middle Woodland, early Late Woodland, and Contact era occupations. This paper will examine the evolution of the project and provide an overview of the structure of the archaeological deposits and features at the site.

9:00 Break

9:15 Janet G. Brashler, Grand Valley State University
What Is the Converse Phase? Ceramics and Chronology at 20KT2
Abstract: Excavations at 20KT2 produced over 4000 ceramic sherds that were analyzed and dated. The attribute analysis of the ceramic assemblage accompanied by AMS and conventional radiocarbon dating of eight sherds indicates occupations beginning in the eighth century BC. Early Woodland, continuing through the Late Woodland, perhaps to AD 1000. Most of the ceramic assemblage appears to be associated with the Middle Woodland, and in particular, with a first to second century AD Hopewellian occupation of the area that was adjacent to the Converse Mounds. This paper briefly describes the ceramic assemblage and offers suggestions regarding the Hopewellian occupation in the Grand River drainage and its relationships to other Hopewellian regional expressions.

9:30 Michael J. Hambacher, CCRG
The Lithic Assemblage from the Converse Site: Implications Regarding the Structure and Function of a Major Middle Woodland Site in the Grand Valley of Michigan
Abstract: Excavations at the Converse site produced a lithic assemblage composed of some 900 tools and 37,000 flakes. Diagnostic tools span the Late Archaic through early Late Woodland periods, the majority of which date to the Middle Woodland occupation. The assemblage is domin